Below are supplemental abstracts and references of research that support the conclusions on the treatment for Aging Prevention

. Diet and Nutrition References


Vegetarian Diet

Callen B. "Understanding nutritional health in older adults: a pilot study." J Gerontol Nursing. January,2004:36-43.

Singh PN, et al. "Does low meat consumption increase life expectancy in humans?" Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78(Suppl):526S-532S.

Lasheras C, et al. "Food habits are associated with lipid peroxidation in an elderly population." J Am Diet Assoc. November,2003;103(11):1480-1487.

Tucker KL, et al. "Bone mineral density and dietary patterns in older adults: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study." Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:245-252.

Fortes C, et al. "Diet and overall survival in a cohort of very elderly people." Epidemiol. July,2000;11(4):440-445.

Lasheras C, et al. "Mediterranean diet and age with respect to overall survival in institutionalized, nonsmoking elderly people." Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71:987-992.

Kushi LH, et al. "Cereals, legumes, and chronic disease risk reduction: evidence from epidemiologic studies." Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70(Suppl.):451S-458S.

Johnson AE, et al. "Fruit and vegetable consumption in later life." Age Ageing. 1998;27:723-728.

Walter P. "Effects of vegetarian diets on aging and longevity." Nutr Rev. 1997;55(1):(Suppl.II)S61-S66.

Mann D. "Greek diet promotes longevity." Br Med J. 1995;311:1457-1460.

Trichopoulou A, et al. "Diet and overall survival in elderly people." Br Med J. December2,1995;311:1457-1460.


Reduced Caloric Intake

Lane M, et al. "Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate: a biomarker of primate aging slowed by calorie restriction." J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism. 1997;82(7):2093-2096.

Weindruch R. "Caloric restriction and aging." Sci Am. January,1996;46-52.

Sohal RS, Weindruch R. "Oxidative stress, caloric restriction, and aging." Sci. July5,1996;273:59-63.

Fernandes G. "Effect of calorie restriction on omega-3 fatty acids on autoimmunity and aging." Nutr Rev. 1995;53(4):S72-S79.


Sugar Consumption

Kizhner T, Werman MJ."Long-term fructose intake: biochemical consequences and altered renal histology in the male rat. Metabolism. December,2002;51(12):1538-47.

Lingelbach LB, et al. "Accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts in aging male Fischer 344 rats during long-term feeding of various dietary carbohydrates." J Nutr. May,2000;130(5):1247-55.

Levi B, Werman MJ. "Long-term fructose consumption accelerates glycation and several age-related variables in male rats." J Nutr. September,1998;128(9):1442-9.

McDonald RB. "Influence of dietary sucrose and biological aging." A J Clin Nutr. 1995;62(Suppl.):284S-93S.


Red Wine

Bastianetto S. "Red wine consumption and brain aging." Nutrition. 2002;18(4):432-433.


Vitamin and Mineral References


Antioxidants

Wengreen HJ, et al. "Antioxidant intake and cognitive function of elderly men and women: the Cache County Study." J Nutr Health Aging. 2007; 11(3): 230-7.

Howard C, et al. "Oxidative protein damage is associated with poor grip strength among older women living in the community." J Appl Physiol. 2007 Mar 22.

Ames BN. "Low micronutrient intake may accelerate the degenerative diseases of aging through allocation of scarce micronutrients by triage." Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006; 103(47): 17589-94.

Cesari M, et al. "Antioxidants and physical performance in elderly persons: the invecchiare in Chianti (Inchianti) Study." Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:282-294.

Falsini B, et al. "Influence of short-term antioxidant supplementation on macular function in age-related maculopathy: a pilot study including electrophysiologic assessment." Ophthalmology. January,2003;110(1):51-61.

Arbone MC, et al. "Antioxidant enzymatic defenses in human follicular fluid: characterization and age-dependent changes." Mol Hum Repro. 2003;9(11):639-643.

Leonard SS, et al. "Antioxidant properties of fruit and vegetable juices: more to the story than ascorbic acid." Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2002;32(2):193-200.

Record IR. et al. "Changes in plasma antioxidant status following consumption of diets high or low in fruit and vegetables or following dietary supplementation with an antioxidant mixture." Br J Nutr. 2001;85:459-464.

Lachance PA, et al. "Antioxidants: an integrative approach." Nutrition. 2001;17:835-838.

Klapcinska B, et al. "Antioxidant defense in centenarians (a preliminary study)." Acta Biochim Pol. 2000;47(2):281-292.

Seidman MD. "Effects of dietary restriction and antioxidants on presbyacusis." Laryngoscope. May,2000;110:727-738.

Smith A, et al. "Anti-oxidant vitamins and mental performance of the elderly." Hum Pyschopharmacol Clin Exp. 1999;14:459-471.

Goldman EL. "Order antioxidant cocktail before ablating." Skin Aller News. April,1999;41.

Perkins AJ, et al. "Association of antioxidants with memory in a multiethnic elderly sample using the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey." Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150(1):37-44.

Schmidt R, et al, "Plasma antioxidants and cognitive performance in middle-aged and older adults: results of the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study." J Am Geriatr Soc. November,1998;46(11):1407-1410.

De la Fuente M, et al. "Immune function in aged women is improved by ingestion of vitamins C and E." Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1998;76:373-380.

Ward JA. "Should antioxidant vitamins be routinely recommended for older people?" Drugs Aging. March,1998;12(3):169-175.

Beckman KB, Ames BN. "The free radical theory of aging matures." Physiolog Rev. April,1998;78(2):547-581.

Paolisso G, et al. "Oxidative stress and advancing age: results in healthy centenarians." J Am Geriatric Soc. 1998;46:833-838.

Coudray C, et al. "Lipid peroxidation level and antioxidant micronutrient status in a pre-aging population; correlation with chronic disease prevalence in a French epidemiological study (Nantes, France)." J Am Col Nutr. 1997;16(6):584-591.

Girodon F, et al. "Effect of a two-year supplementation with low doses of antioxidant vitamins and/or minerals in elderly subjects on levels of nutrients and antioxidant defense parameters." J Am Coll Nutr. 1997;16(4):357-365.

Rikans LE, Hornbrook KR. "Lipid peroxidation, antioxidant protection and aging." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1997;1362:116-127.

Rondanelli M, et al. "Altered oxidative stress in healthy old subjects." Aging Clin Exper Res. 1997;9:221-223.

Garrett DG. "Free radicals and antioxidants: what is their clinical role?" J Am Acad Phys Assist. June,1997;58-82.

Romero-Alvira D, Roche E. "High blood pressure, oxygen radicals and antioxidants: etiological relationships." Med Hypoth. 1996;46:414-420.

Harman D. "Role of antioxidant nutrients in aging: overview." Age. 1995;18:51-62.

Yu BP. "A new outlook for antioxidant defense system." Aging Clin Exper Res. 1995;7(5):338-339.

Jacques PF, et al. "Influence of combined antioxidant nutrient intakes on their plasma concentrations in an elderly population." Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;62:1228-1233.

Yu BP. "Oxidative damage of mitochondria: the effect of age and dietary restriction." Aging Clin Exper Res. 1995;7(6);467.

Meydani SN, et al. "Antioxidants and immune response in aged Persons: overview of present evidence." Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;62(Suppl.):1462S-76S.

Beal MF. "Aging, energy, and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases." Annals Neurol. 1995;38:357-366.

Harman D. "Free radical theory of aging: history." Free Radicals and Ageing, Emerit I, Chance B, Birkhauser Verlag Basel/Switzerland. 1992;1-10.

Tolonen M. "Finished studies on antioxidants with special reference to cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and ageing." Intl Clin Nutr Rev. April,l989;9(2):68-75.

Harman D. "Free radicals and aging." Mol Cell Biochem. 1988;84:155-161.


Beta-Carotene, Vitamin A

Semba RD, et al. "Carotenoids as protection against sarcopenia in older adults." Arch Biochem Biophys. 2007; 458(2): 141-145.

Semba RD, et al. "Carotenoid and vitamin E status are associated with indicators of sarcopenia among older women living in the community." Aging Clin Exp Res. 2003;15(6):482-487.

Kasper H. "Vitamin absorption in the elderly." Int J Vit Nutr Res. 1999;69(3):169-172.

Santos MS, et al. "Carotene-induced enhancement of natural killer cell activity in elderly men: an investigation of the role of cytokines." Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68:164-170.

Herraiz LA, et al. "Effect of UV exposure and b-carotene supplementation on delayed-type hypersensitivity response in healthy older men." J Am Coll Nutr. 1998;17(6):617-624.

Santos MS, et al. "Natural killer cell activity in elderly men is enhanced by beta-carotene supplementation." Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64:772-777.

Ward BJ. "Retinol (vitamin A) supplements in the elderly." Drugs Aging. July,1996;9(1):48-59.

Lares-Asseff I, et al. "Nutritional state of B-carotene and retinol in institutionalized elderly individuals of Mexico City." Intl J Vit Nutr Res. 1995;65:236-240.

Ribaya-Mercado JD, et al. "Effect of beta-carotene supplementation on the concentrations and distribution of carotenoids, vitamin E, vitamin A, and cholesterol in plasma lipoprotein and non-lipoprotein fractions in healthy older women." J Am Col Nutr. 1995;14(6):614-620.


Vitamin B12

Morris MS, et al. "Folate and vitamin B-12 status in relation to anemia, macrocytosis, and cognitive impairment in older Americans in the age of folic acid fortification." Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 85(1): 193-200.

Balk EM, et al. "Vitamin B6, B12, and folic acid supplementation and cognitive function: a systematic review of randomized trials." Arch Int Med. 2007; 167(1): 21-30.

Clarke R, et al. "Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency in later life" Age Ageing. 2004;33:34-41.

Stone KL, et al. "Lower serum vitamin B12 levels are associated with increased hip bone loss in older women: a prospective study." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(3):1217-1221.

MacReady N. "For elderly, B12 should come from supplements." Fam Pract News. January1,2004:24.

Zoler ML. "B12 deficiency can escape detection." Fam Pract News. January1,2004:25.

Kaltenbach G, et al. "Vitamin B12 deficiency in older adults." Geriatrics. July,2003;58(7):12-13.

Hamrick I. "Vitamin B12 deficiency in the elderly: a new look at treatment." Fam Prac Recertification. June,2003;25(6):16-26.

Dharmarajan TS, et al. "Vitamin B12 deficiency: recognizing subtle symptoms in older adults." Geriatrics. March,2003;58(3):30-38.

Johnson MA, et al. "Hearing loss and nutrition in older adults." Handbook of Clinical Nutrition and Aging. 2003;Chapter 10:291-307.

Rajan S, et al. "Response of elevated methylmalonic acid to three dose levels of oral cobalamin in older adults." J Am Geriatr Soc. November,2002;50(11):1789-1795.

Garcia A, et al. "Is low-dose oral cobalamin enough to normalize cobalamin function in older people?" J Am Geriatr Soc. August,2002;50:1401-1404.

Rajan S, et al. "Screening for cobalamin deficiency in geriatric outpatients: prevalence and influence of synthetic cobalamin intake." JAGS. April,2002;50(4):624-630.

Bjorkegren K, Svardsudd K. "Serum cobalamin, folate, methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine as vitamin B12 and folate tissue deficiency markers amongst elderly Swedes - a population-based study." J Intern Med. 2001;249:423-432.

Clarke R. "Prevention of vitamin B-12 deficiency in old age." Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73:151-152.

Penninx BWJH, et al. "Vitamin B12 deficiency and depression in physically disabled older women: epidemiologic evidence from the Women's Health and Aging Study." Am J Psychiatry. May,2000;157(5):715-721.

Loew D, et al. "Studies on vitamin B12 status in the elderly - prophylactic and therapeutic consequences." Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1999;69(3):228-233.

Bjorkegren K, Svardsudd K. "Elevated serum levels of methylmalonic acid and homocysteine in elderly people. A population-based intervention study." J Intern Med. 1999;246:317-324.

Bernard MA, et al. "The effect of vitamin B12 deficiency on older veterans and its relationship to health." JAGS. October,1998;46(10):1199-1206.

Russell, RM. "Mild cobalamin deficiency in older Dutch subjects." Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68:222-223.

Stott DJ, et al. "Prevalence of hemopoietic effects of low serum vitamin B12 levels in geriatric medical patients." Br J Nutr. 1997;78:57-63.

Carmel R. "Cobalamin, the stomach, and aging." Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66:750-759.

Crystal HA, et al. "Serum vitamin B12 levels and incidence of dementia in a healthy elderly population: a report from the Bronx Longitudinal Aging Study." J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994;42:933-936.


Vitamin C

Krone CA, Ely JTA. "Ascorbic acid, glycation, glycohemoglobin and aging." Med Hypoth. 2004;62:275-279.

Kantor I, et al. "Results of a study evaluating the use of a dietary supplement formula in the management of age-related skin changes in women with moderate to severe wrinkling of the periorbital area." JANA. Spring,2002;5(2):10-19.

Teixeira A, et al. "Vitamin C deficiency in elderly hospitalized patients." Am J Med. 2001:502.

Humbert P. "Topical vitamin C in the treatment of photoaged skin." Eur J Dermatol. March-April 2001;11(2):172-173.

Gonzalez-Gross M, et al. "Nutrition and cognitive impairment in the elderly." Br J Nutr. 2001;86:313-321.

Paleologos M, et al. "Cohort study of vitamin C intake and cognitive impairment." Am J Epidemiol. 1998;148(1):45-50.

Bode AM. "Metabolism of vitamin C in health and disease." Adv Pharmacol. 1997;38:21-47.

Malik NS, Meek KM. "Vitamins and analgesics in the prevention of collagen ageing." Age Ageing. 1996;25:279-284.

Jayachandran M, et al. "Status of lipids, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant systems with vitamin C supplementation during aging in rats." J Nutr Biochem. 1996;7:270-275.

Birlouez-Aragon I, et al. "Comparison of two levels of vitamin C supplementation on antioxidant vitamin status in elderly institutionalized subjects." Intl J Vit Nutr Res. 1995;65:261-266.

Block G. "Vitamin C, cancer and aging." Age. 1993;16:55-58.


Vitamin D

Broe KE, et al. "A higher dose of vitamin D reduces the risk of falls in nursing home residents: a randomized, multiple-dose study." J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007; 55(2): 234-9.

Houston DK, et al. "Association between vitamin D status and physical performance: The InCHIANTI Study." J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007; 62(4): 440-6.

Visser M, et al. "Low vitamin D and high parathyroid hormone levels as determinants of loss of muscle strength and muscle mass (sarcopenia): the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(12):5766-5772.

Latham NK, et al. "Effects of vitamin D supplementation on strength, physical performance, and falls in older persons: a systematic review." J Am Geriatr Soc. September,2003;51(9):1219-1226.

Passeri G, et al. "Low vitamin D status, high bone turnover, and bone fractures in centenarians." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(11):5109-5115.

Dhesi JK, et al. "A rationale for vitamin D prescribing in a falls clinic population." Age Ageing. 2002;31:267-271.

Janssen HCJP, et al. "Vitamin D deficiency, muscle function, and falls in elderly people." Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75:611-615.

Dharmarajan TS, Ahmed S. "Vitamin D deficiency and osteomalacia in older adults." Fam Prac Recertification. April,2001;23(5):41-50.

Semba RD, et al. "Vitamin D deficiency among older women with and without disability." Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:1529-1534.

Haller J. "The vitamin status and its adequacy in the elderly: an international overview." Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1999;69(3):160-168.

Schumann K. "Interactions between drugs and vitamins at advanced age." Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1999;69(3):173-178.

Ghose R. "Vitamin D deficiency in the free-living elderly." New Z Med J. June26,1998:239.

McAuley KA, et al. "Low vitamin D status is common among elderly Dunedin women." New Z Med J. 1997;110:275-277.

Quesada-Gomez JM, et al. "Vitamin D insufficiency as a determinant of hip fractures." Osteopor Intl. 1996;Suppl.3:S42-S47.

Dawson-Hughes B. "Calcium and vitamin D nutritional needs of elderly women." J Nut. 1996;126:1165S-1167S.

Gloth MF, Tobin JD. "Vitamin D deficiency in older people." J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43:822-828.

Scragg R, et al. "Life-style factors associated with winter serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in elderly adults." Age Aging. 1995;24:271-275.

Krall EA, et al. "Effect of vitamin D intake on seasonal variations in parathyroid hormone secretion in postmenopausal women." New Eng J Med. December28,1989;321:1777-1783.


Vitamin E

Marko MG, et al. "Age-associated decline in effective immune synapse formation of CD4+ T cells is reversed by vitamin E supplementation." J Immunol. 2007; 178(3): 1443-9.

Semba RD, et al. "Carotenoid and vitamin E status are associated with indicators of sarcopenia among older women living in the community." Aging Clin Exp Res. 2003;15(6):482-487.

Morris MC, et al. "Vitamin E and cognitive decline in older persons." Arch Neurol. 2002;59:1125-1132.

Cherubini A, et al. "High vitamin E plasma levels and low low-density lipoprotein oxidation are associated with the absence of atherosclerosis in octogenarians." J Am Geriatr Soc. May,2001;49(5):651-654.

Meydani SN, et al. "Assessment of the safety of supplementation with different amounts of vitamin E in healthy older adults." Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68:311-318.

Traber MG. "Vitamin E, oxidative stress and 'Healthy Ageing.'" Eur J Clin Invest. 1997;27:822-824.

Meydani SN, et al. "Vitamin E supplementation and in vivo immune response in healthy elderly subjects: a randomized controlled trial." JAMA. May7,1997;277(17):1380-1386.

Chandra RK. "Graying of the immune system: can nutrient supplements improve immunity in the elderly?" JAMA. May7,1997;277(17):1398-1399.

Meydani SN, Meisler JG. "A closer look at vitamin E: can this antioxidant prevent chronic disease." Postgrad Med. August,1997;102(2):199-207.

Bertoni-Freddari C, et al. "Vitamin E deficiency as a model of precocious brain aging: assessment by x-ray microanalysis and morphometry." Scanning Microscopy. 1995;9(1):289-302.

Meydani SN, Hayek MG. "Vitamin E and aging immune response." Nutr Aging Age-Dep Dis. November,1995;11(4):567-576.


Vitamin K

Booth SL. "Vitamin K status in the elderly." Cur Opinion Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2007; 10(1): 20-23.


Folate

Durga J, et al. "Effect of 3-year folic acid supplementation on cognitive function in older adults in the FACIT trial: a randomized, double blind, controlled trial." Lancet. 2007; 369: 208-216.

Durga J, et al. "Effects of folic acid supplementation on hearing in older adults: a randomized, controlled trial." Ann Intern Med. 2007; 146(1): 1-9.

Tettamanti M, et al, "Low folate and the risk of cognitive and functional deficits in the very old: the Monzino 80-plus study." J Am Coll Nutr. 2006; 25(6): 502-8.

Clarke R, et al. "Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency in later life" Age Ageing. 2004;33:34-41.

Mizrahi EH, et al. "Plasma total homocysteine levels, dietary vitamin B6 and Folate intake in AD and healthy aging." J Nutr Health Aging. 2003;7(3):160-165.

van Sort UVA, et al. "Folic acid and reduction of plasma homocysteine concentrations in older adults: a dose-response study." Am J CIN Nutr. 2003;77:1318-1323.

Rydlewicz A, et al. "The effect of folic acid supplementation on plasma homocysteine in an elderly population." Q J Med. 2002;95:27-35.

Franchi F, et al. "Deficient folate nutritional status and cognitive performances: results from a retrospective study in male elderly inpatients in a geriatric department." Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2001;7(Suppl.):145-150.

Herrmann W, et al. "Hyperhomocysteinemia in high-aged subjects: relation of B- vitamins, folic acid, renal function and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase mutation." Atherosclerosis. 1999;144:91-101.

Keane EM, et al. "Use of folic acid-fortified milk in the elderly population." Gerontol. 1998;44:336-339.

Ebly EM, et al. "Folate status, vascular disease and cognition in elderly Canadians." Age Aging. 1998;27:485-491.

Oakley GP. "Let's increase folic acid fortification and include vitamin B-12." Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:1889-1890.

Faure-Delanef L, et al. "Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase thermolabile variant and human longevity." Am J Hum Genetics. 1997;60:999-1001.

Tucker KL, et al. "Folic acid fortification of the food supply: potential benefits and risks for the elderly population." JAMA. December18,1996;276(23):1879-1885.


Zinc

Prasad AS, et al. "Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress." Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 85(3): 837-844.

Kahmann L, et al. "Effect of improved zinc status on T helper cell activation and TH1/TH2 ratio in healthy elderly individuals." Biogerontol. 2006; 7(5-6): 429-35.

Grahn BH, et al. "Zinc and the eye." J Am Coll Nutr. 2001;20(2):106-118.

Worwag M, et al. "Prevalence of magnesium and zinc deficiencies in nursing home residents in germany." Magnes Res. 1999;12(3):181-189.

Provinciali M, et al. "Effect of zinc or zinc plus arginine supplementation on antibody titre and lymphocyte subsets after influenza vaccination in elderly subjects: a randomized controlled trial." Age Ageing. 1998;27:715-722.

Yasui M, et al. "Role of zinc in the central nervous system." Mineral and Medical Neurotoxicology, 1997, CRC Press. Chapter14:139-145.

Fabris N, Mocchegiani E. "Zinc, human diseases and aging." Aging Clin Exper Res. 1995;7:77-93.

Relea P, et al. "Zinc, biochemical markers of nutrition, and Type I Osteoporosis." Age Aging. 1995;24:303-307.

Fortes C. "Aging, zinc and cell-mediated immune response." Aging Clin Exper Res. 1995;7(2):75-76.


Selenium

Akbaraly NT, et al. "Plasma selenium over time and cognitive decline in the elderly." Epidemiol. 2007; 18(1): 52-58.

Gao S, et al. "Selenium level and cognitive function in rural elderly Chinese." Am J Epidemiol. Jan31,2007.

McKenzie RC, et al. "Selenium: an essential element for immune function." Immunol Today. August,1998;19(8):342-345.

Coudray C, et al. "Selenium and antioxidant vitamin and lipidoperoxidation levels in preaging French population." Biol Trace Elem Res. 1997;57:183-190.


Calcium

Kerstetter JE, et al. "Dietary protein, calcium metabolism, and skeletal homeostasis revisited." Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78(Suppl):584S-592S.

Martini L, Wood RJ. "Relative bioavailability of calcium-rich dietary sources in the elderly." Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:1345-1350.

Marshall TA, et al. "Inadequate nutrient intakes are common and are associated with low diet variety in rural, community-dwelling elderly." Nutr. 2001;131:2192-2196.

Sakla SS. "Malnutrition: a serious problem in elderly patients." Fam Prac Recertification. November,2001;23(13):29-39.

Uusi-Rasi K, et al. "Maintenance of body weight, physical activity and calcium intake helps preserve bone mass in elderly women." Osteoporos Int. 2001;12:373-379.

Karkkainen MUM, et al. "Does it make a difference how and when you take your calcium? The acute effects of calcium on calcium and bone metabolism." Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:335-342.


Supplement References


Glutathione

Blaylock RL. "New developments in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases using nutraceuticals and metabolic stimulants." JANA. Winter,2002;5(1):15-32.

Andersen HR, et al. "Lower activity of superoxide dismutase and high activity of glutathione reductase in erythrocytes from centenarians." Age Aging. 1998;27:643-648.

Nuttall SL. "Glutathione: in sickness and in health." Lancet. February28,1998;351:645-646.

Sastre J, et al. "Glutathione, oxidative stress and aging." Age. 1996;19:129-139.

Fletcher RH, Fletcher SW. "Glutathione and ageing: ideas and evidence." Lancet. November19,1994;344:1379-1380.

Julius M. "Glutathione and morbidity in a community-based sample of elderly." J Clin Epidemiol. 1994;47(9):1021-1026.

Lang CA, et al. "Low blood glutathione levels in healthy ageing adults." J Lab Clin Sci. November,1992;120(5):720-725.


DHEA

Ravaglia G, et al. "Dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate serum levels and common age-related diseases: results from a cross-sectional Italian study of a general elderly population." Exp Gerontol. 2002;37:701-712.

Feldman HA, et al. "Low dehydroepiandrosterone and ischemic heart disease in middle-aged men: prospective results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study." Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153(1):79-89.

Racchi M, et al. "Dehydroepiandrosterone and the relationship with aging and memory: a possible link with protein kinase C functional machinery." Brain Res Rev. 2001;37:287-293.

Legrain S, et al. "Dehydroepiandrosterone replacement administration: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies in healthy elderly subjects." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:3208-3217.

Tilvis RS, et al. "Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, diseases and mortality in a general aged population." Aging Clin Exp Res. 1999;11(1):30-34.

Arlt W, et al. "Dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in women with adrenal insufficiency." N Eng J Med. 1999;341:1013-1020.

Straub RH, et al. "Serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate are negatively correlated with serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), and DHEA inhibits IL-6 secretion from mononuclear cells in man in vitro: possible link between endocrinosenescence and immunosenescence." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(6):2012-2017.

Kalmijn S, et al. "A prospective study on cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and cognitive function in the elderly." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(10):3487-3492.

Bonnefoy M, et al. "Physical activity and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, insulin-like growth factor I and testosterone in healthy active elderly people." Age Ageing. 1998;27:745-751.

Morales AJ, et al. "The effect of six months treatment with a 100 mg daily dose of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on circulating sex steroids, body composition and muscle strength in age-advanced men and women." Clin Endocrinol. 1998;49:421-432.

Casson PR, et al. "Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) replacement in postmenopausal women: present status and future compromise." Menopause: J N Am Menopause Soc. 1997;4(4):225-231.

Degelau J, et al. "The effect of DHEAS on influenza vaccination in aging adults." J Am Geriatr Soc. June,1997;45(6):747-751.

Ravaglia G, et al. "The relationship of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) to endocrine-metabolic parameters and functional status in the oldest-old. Results from an Italian study on healthy free-living over-ninety-year-olds." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81(3):1173-1178.

Baulieu EE. "Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): a fountain of youth?" J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism. 1996;81(9):3147-3151.

Watson RR. "Prevention of immune dysfunction by dehydroepiandrosterone in aging, chronic AIDS, and leukemia patients." Exp Opin Invest Drugs. 1995;4(2):147-154.

Herbert J, et al. "The age of dehydroepiandrosterone." Lancet. May13,1995;345:1193-1194.

Yen SSC, et al. "Replacement of DHEA in aging men and women: potential remedial effects." Ann NY Acad Sci. 1995;774:128-142.

Morales A, et al. "Effects of replacement dose of dehydroepiandrosterone in men and women of advancing age." J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism. 1994;78:1360-1367.


Melatonin

Kedziora-Kornatowska K, et al. "Effect of melatonin on the oxidative stress in erythrocytes of healthy young and elderly subjects,' J Pineal Res. 2007; 42(2): 153-8.

Rodriguez MI, et al. "Chronic melatonin treatment reduces the age-dependent inflammatory process in senescence-accelerated mice." J Pineal Res. 2007; 42(3): 272-279.

Beyer CE, et al. "Antioxidant properties of melatonin - an emerging mystery." Biochem Pharmacol. 1998;56(10):1265-1272.

Garfinkel D, Berner YN. "Antioxidants and aging: is melatonin a possible, practical new hope?" Nutr. 1998;14(9):712-713.

Cupp MJ. "Melatonin." Am Fam Phys. October1,1997;1421-1425.

Reiter RJ, et al. "Melatonin in relation to cellular antioxidative defense mechanisms." Horm Metab Res. 1997;29:363-372.

Reiter RJ, et al. "Oxygen radical detoxification processes during aging: the functional importance of melatonin." Aging Clin Exper Res. 1995;7(5):340-351.

Poeggeler B, et al. "Melatonin, hydroxyl radical-mediated oxidative damage, and ageing: a hypothesis." J Pineal Res. 1993;14:151-168.


Thymus Glandular

Czaplicki J, et al. "Do active substances of thymus influence the processes of aging? IV. Kidney morphology in aging mice treated with embryonal and early fetal thymic calf extracts (ETCE) and mature thymic calf extracts." Thymus. March,1991;17(2):123-8.

Ghanta VK, et al. "Thymic peptides as anti-aging drugs: effect of thymic hormones on immunity and life span." Intl J Neurosci. April,1990;51(3-4):371-2.

Lewis VM, et al. "Age, thymic involution, and circulating thymic hormone activity." J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism. July,1978;47(1):145-50.

Bensman A, et al. "Reduction in thymic hormone in subjects with signs of premature aging." Nouv Presse Med. October29,1977;6(36):3332.

Hardy MA, et al. "Immunologic effects of a purified thymic hormone, thymosin." Surg Forum. 1972;23(0):305-7.

Shock NW. "Age with a future." Gerontologist. Autumn,1968;8(3):147-52.


Coenzyme Q10

Baumann LS. "Cosmeceutical critique: Coenzyme Q10." Skin Allergy News. January,2002:28.

Gingold EB, at al. "Coenzyme Q10 and its putative role in the ageing process." Protoplasma. 2000;214:24-32.

Hoppe U, et al. "Coenzyme Q10, a cutaneous antioxidant and energizer." Biofactors. 1999;9(2-4):371-8.

Ravaglia G, et al. "Coenzyme Q10 plasma levels and body composition in elderly males." Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1996;5:539-543.


Omega-6 Fatty Acids

Brosche T, Platt D. "Effect of borage oil consumption on fatty acid metabolism, transepidermal water loss and skin parameters in elderly people." Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2000;30:139-150.

Hornych A, et al. "Effect of gamma-linolenic acid on plasma and membrane lipids and renal prostaglandins in old subjects." J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;48:869-870.

Olivieri, O. "Selenium status, fatty acids, vitamins A and E and ageing: the Nove Study." Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;60:510-7.


Botanical References


Ginkgo biloba

Diamond BJ, et al. "Ginkgo biloba extract: mechanisms and clinical indications." Arch Phys Med Rehabil. May,2000;81:668-678.

Winther K, et al. "Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on cognitive function and blood pressure in elderly subjects." Cur Ther Res. December,1998;59(12):881-888.

Sastre J, et al. "Mitochondrial DNA, aging and Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761)." Advances Ginkgo biloba Extract Res. 1998;7:149-157.

Khalsa DS. "Integrated medicine and the prevention and reversal of memory loss." Altern Ther Health Med. November,1998;4(6):38-43.

Winter JC. "The effects of an extract of Ginkgo biloba, EGb 761, on cognitive behavior and longevity in the rat." Physiol Behav. February1,1998;63(3):425-33.

Sastre J, et al. "A Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) prevents mitochondrial aging by protecting against oxidative stress." Free Radic Biol Med. January15,1998;24(2):298-304.

Cohen-Salmon C, et al. "Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on learning and possible actions on aging." J Physiol Paris. December,1997;91(6):291-300.

Stoll S, et al. "Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) independently improves changes in passive avoidance learning and brain membrane fluidity in the aging mouse." Pharmacopsychiatry. July,1996;29(4):144-9.

Kose K, et al. "Lipoperoxidation induced by hydrogen peroxide in human erythrocyte membranes. 1. Protective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761)." J Int Med Res. January/February,1995;23(1):1-8.

Bolanos-Jimenez F, et al. "Stress-induced 5-HT1A receptor desensitization: protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761)." Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 1995;9(2):169-74.

Huguet F, et al. "Decreased cerebral 5-HT1A receptors during ageing: reversal by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761)." J Pharm Pharmacol. April,1994;46(4):316-8.

Petkov VD, et al. "Memory effects of standardized extracts of Panax ginseng (G115), Ginkgo biloba (GK 501) and their combination Gincosan (PHL-00701)." Planta Med. April,1993;59(2):106-14.

Winter E. "Effects of an extract of Ginkgo biloba on learning and memory in mice." Pharmacol Biochem Behav. January,1991;38(1):109-14.

DeFeudis FV ed. "Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761): pharmacological activities and clinical applications." Paris:Elsevier, 1991.


Panax ginseng

Metori K, et al. "The preventive effect of ginseng with du-zhong leaf on protein metabolism in aging." Biol Pharm Bull. 1997 Mar;20(3):237-42.

Liu M. "Studies on the anti-aging and nootropic effects of ginsenoside Rg1 and its mechanisms of actions." Sheng Li Ko Hsueh Chin Chan, April,1996;27(2):139-42.

Chen K, Li C. "Recent advances in studies on traditional Chinese anti-aging materia medica." J Tradit Chin Med. September,1993;13(3):223-6.

Buffi O, et al. "Morphological analysis on the adrenal zona fasciculata of Ginseng, Ginsenoside Rb1 and Ginsenoside Rg1 treated mice." Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. December,1993;69(12):791-7.

Yun TK, et al. "Anticarcinogenic effect of long-term oral administration of red ginseng on newborn mice exposed to various chemical carcinogens." Cancer Detect Prev. 1983;6(6):515-25.

Fulder SJ. "Ginseng and the hypothalamic-pituitary control of stress." Am J Chin Med. Summer,1981;9(2):112-8.

Bittles AH, et al. "The effect of ginseng on lifespan and stress responses in mice." Gerontol. 1979;25(3):125-31.


Withania somnifera

Aphale AA, et al. "Subacute toxicity study of the combination of ginseng (Panax ginseng) and ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in rats: a safety assessment." Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. April,1998;42(2):299-302.

Panda S, Kar A. "Evidence for free radical scavenging activity of Ashwagandha root powder in mice." Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. October,1997;41(4):424-6.

Bhattacharya SK, et al. "Antioxidant activity of glycowithanolides from Withania somnifera." Indian J Exp Biol. March,1997;35(3):236-9.

Ziauddin M, et al. "Studies on the immunomodulatory effects of Ashwagandha." J Ethnopharmacol. February,1996;50(2):69-76.

Grandhi A, et al. "A comparative pharmacological investigation of Ashwagandha and Ginseng." Ethnopharmacol. December,1994;44(3):131-5.


Salvia miltiorrhiza

Nomura Y, et al. "Ameliorating effects of dan-shen and its major ingredient calcium/magnesium lithospermate B on cognitive deficiencies in senescence-accelerated mouse." Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. October,1997;110 Suppl1:142P-147P.

Jiang ZS, et al. "Effect of salvia miltiorrhiza composita on superoxide dismutase and malonyldialdehyde in treating patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus." Chung Kuo Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih. January,1997;17(1):32-4.

Wang X, et al. "Effect of danshen injection on pulmonary thromboembolism and platelet free radical levels in mice." Chung Kuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih. September,1996;21(9):558-60.

Yan ZY. "Effect of radix Salviae miltiorrhizae on gastric mucosal barrier." Chung Hua Wai Ko Tsa Chih. May,1990;28(5):298-301,319.


Homeopathy References


Morrison R.Desktop Guide to Keynotes and Confirmatory Symptoms.Hahnemann Clinic Publishing; Albany, CA; 1993.

Murphy R.Homeopathic Medical Repertory.Hahnemann Academy of North America; Pagosa Springs, CO; 1993.

Phatak SR. A Concise Repertory of Homoeopathic Medicines. B. Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd.; New Delhi, India; 1992.

Kruzel T. The Homeopathic Emergency Guide.North Atlantic Books; Berkeley, CA; 1992.

Kent JT. Repertory of the Homeopathic Materia Medica.B. Jain Publishers (P) LTD; New Delhi, India; 1991.

Boericke W. Materia Medica with Repertory, 9th Ed..Boericke & Tafel, Inc.; Santa Rosa, CA; 1927.


Other Treatment References


Exercise

Melov S, et al. "Resistance exercise reverses aging in human skeletal muscle." PLoS ONE, 2007; 2(5): e465.

Cesari M, et al. "Antioxidants and physical performance in elderly persons: the invecchiare in Chianti (Inchianti) Study." Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:282-294.

Villareal DT, et al. "Effects of exercise training added to ongoing hormone replacement therapy on bone mineral density in frail elderly women." J Am Geriatr Soc. July,2003;51(7):985-990.

Witham MD, et al. "Exercise training as a therapy for chronic heart failure: can older people benefit?" J Am Geriatr Soc. May,2003;51(5):699-709.

Fujita K, et al. "Effects of exercise training on physical activity in older people: a randomized controlled trial." J Epidemiol. March,2003;13(2):120-126.

Kostka T, et al. "Exercise, immune function, and infections in the elderly." Am J Med Sports. March/April,2003;5:142-147.

Gerdhem P, et al. "Effect of previous and present physical activity on bone mass in elderly women." Osteoporos Int. 2003;14:208-212.

Vaitkevicius PV, et al. "Effects of aerobic exercise training in community-based subjects aged 80 and older: a pilot study." J Am Geriatr Soc. December 2002;50(12):2009-2013.

Binder EF, et al. "Effects of exercise training on frailty in community-dwelling older adults: results of a randomized, controlled trial." J Am Geriatr Soc. December 2002;50(12):1921-1928.

Malbut KE, et al. "Aerobic training in the 'oldest old': the effect of 24 weeks of training." Age Ageing. 2002;31:255-260.

Fatouros IG, et al. "The effects of strength training, cardiovascular training and their combination on flexibility of inactive older adults." Int J Sports Med. 2002;23:112-119.

Cotman CW, Berchtold NC. "Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity." Trends Neurosciences. June,2002;25(6):295-301.

Fabre C, et al. "Improvement of cognitive function by mental and/or individualized aerobic training in healthy elderly subjects." Int J Sports Med. 2002;23:415-421.

Sullivan DH, et al. "Progressive resistance muscle strength training of hospitalized frail elderly." Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;80:503-509.

Hortobagyi T, et al. "Low-or high-intensity strength training partially restores impaired quadriceps force accuracy and steadiness in aged adults." J Gerontol Biol Sci. 2001;56A(1):B38-B47.

Rejeski WJ, Mihalko SL. "Physical activity and quality of life in older adults." J Gerontol. 2001;56A (Special Issue II):23-35.

Uusi-Rasi K, et al. "Maintenance of body weight, physical activity and calcium intake helps preserve bone mass in elderly women." Osteoporos Int. 2001;12:373-379.

Siebens H, et al. "A randomized controlled trial of exercise to improve outcomes of acute hospitalization in older adults." J Am Geriatr Soc. December,2000;48(12):1545-1552.

Shahady EJ. "Exercise as medication: how to motivate your patients." Consultant. November,2000:2174-2178.

Davis SR, et al. "Identifying and promoting the specific nutrition and physical activity needs of women aged 40 and over." Med J Aust. November6,2000;173:S89-S111.

Hurley BF, Roth SM. "Strength training in the elderly: effects on risk factors for age-related diseases." Sports Med. October 2000;30(4):249-268.

de Jong N, et al. "Dietary supplements and physical exercise affecting bone and body composition in frail elderly persons." Am J Pub Health. June,2000;90(6):947-954.

Eldar R, et al. "Physical activity for elderly persons with neurological impairment: a review." Scand J Rehab Med. 2000;32:99-103.

Lan C, et al. "Tai chi chuan to improve muscular strength and endurance in elderly individuals: a pilot study." Arch Phys Med Rehabil. May. 2000;81:604-607.

Hurley BF, Roth SM. "Strength training in the elderly: effects on risk factors for age-related diseases." Sports Med. October,2000;30(4):249-268.

Kramer AF, et al. "Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function." Nature. July29,1999;400:418-419.

Blumenthal JA, et al. "Effects of exercise training on older patients with major depression." Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:2349-2356.

Ferrucci L, et al. "Smoking, physical activity, and active life expectancy." Am J Epidemiol. 1999;149(7):645-653.

Woods JA, et al. "Effects of maximal exercise on natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and responsiveness to interferon-à in the young and old." J Gerontol. 1998;53A(6):B430-B437.

Shinkai S, et al. "Aging and immune response to exercise." Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1998;76(5):562-572.

Butler RN, et al. "Physical fitness: how to help older patients live stronger and longer." Geriatrics. September,1998;53(9):26-40.

Fielding RA, Meydani M. "Exercise, free radical generation, and aging." Aging Clin Exper Res. 1997;9:12-18.

Lee IM, et al. "Physical activity, physical fitness and longevity." Aging Clin Exper Res. 1997;9:2-11.

McCartney N, et al. "A longitudinal trial of weight training in the elderly: continued improvements in year 2." J Gerontol. 1996;51A(6):B425-B433.

Lee IM, et al. "Exercise intensity and longevity in men: The Harvard Alumni Health Study." JAMA. April19,1995;273(15):1179-1184.

Evans WJ. "Exercise, nutrition, and aging." Clin Geriatr Med. November,1995;11(4):725-734.

Shephard RJ, et al. "Exercise, aging and immune function." Intl J Sports Med. 1995;16(1):1-6.

Kasch FW, et al. "Effect of exercise on cardiovascular ageing." Age Ageing. 1993;22:5-10.

Shephard RJ. "Exercise and aging: extending independence in older adults." Geriatrics. May,1993;48(5):61-64.


Ultraviolet Light

Fisher GJ, et al. "Pathophysiology of premature skin aging induced by ultraviolet light." New Eng J Med. November13,1997;337(20):1419-1428.


Meditation

Schneider RH, et al. "Lower lipid peroxide levels in practitioners of the transcendental meditation program." Psychosomat Med. 1998;60:38-41.

"Can transcendental meditation make you live long and prosper?" New Scientist. April28,1990;40.


Mercury Amalgams

Frackelton JP, Christensen RL. "Mercury poisoning and its potential impact on hormone regulation and aging: preliminary clinical observations using a new therapeutic approach." J Adv Med. Spring,1998;11(1):9-25.


Excess Weight

Keller HH. "Weight gain impacts morbidity and mortality in institutionalized older persons." J Am Geriatr Soc. February,1995;43(2):165-169.

Moriguchi S, et al. "Obesity as a risk factor for deteriorating cellular immune functions decreased with aging." Nutr Res. 1995;15(2):151-160.


Hormone Therapy

Blackman MR, et al. "Growth hormone and sex steroid administration in healthy aged women and men: a randomized controlled trial." JAMA. November 13. 2002;288(18):2282-2292.

Khosla S. "Oestrogen, bones and men: when testosterone just isn't enough." Clin Endocrinol. 2002;56:291-293.

Shaywitz SE, et al. "Effect of estrogen on brain activation patterns in postmenopausal women during working memory tasks." JAMA. April7,1999;281(13):1197-1202.

Matthews K, et al. "Estrogen replacement therapy and cognitive decline in older community women." J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999;47:518-523.

Kalu DN, et al. "Aged-rodent models of long-term growth hormone therapy: lack of deleterious effect on longevity." Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. November,1998;53(6):B452-63.

Thompson MC, et al. "Growth hormone-releasing hormone depletion in the female rat: similarities to aging." Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. January,1996;51(1):B83-90.

Wemeau JL. "Calciotropic hormones and ageing." Horm Res. 1995;43(1-3):76-9.

Nelson JF, et al. "Neuroendocrine involvement in aging: evidence from studies of reproductive aging and caloric restriction." Neurobiol Aging. September-October,1995;16(5):837-43;discussion855-6.

Corpas E, et al. "Human growth hormone and human aging." Endocr Rev. February,1993;14(1):20-39.

Meites J. "Anti-ageing interventions and their neuroendocrine aspects in mammals." J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 1993;46:1-9.

Mooradian AD. "Mechanisms of age-related endocrine alterations. Part I." Drugs Aging. January-February,1993;3(1):81-97.

Mooradian AD. "Mechanisms of age-related endocrine alterations. Part II. Drugs Aging. March-April,1993;3(2):131-46.

D'Costa AP, et al. "The regulation and mechanisms of action of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 during normal ageing." J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 1993;46:87-98.

Meites J. "Aging: hypothalamic catecholamines, neuroendocrine-immune interactions, and dietary restriction." Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. December,1990;195(3):304-11.

Everitt A, Meites JJ. "Aging and anti-aging effects of hormones." Gerontol. November,1989;44(6):B139-47.

Roth GS. "Mechanisms of altered hormone and neurotransmitter action during aging: the role of impaired calcium mobilization." Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988;521:170-6.

Meites J. "Neuroendocrine biomarkers of aging in the rat." Exp Gerontol. 1988;23(4-5):349-58.

Vague J. "Hormones and aging." Sem Hop. December23,1982;58(47):2755-8.

Florini JR, et al. "Effect of rat age on serum levels of growth hormone and somatomedins." Mech Ageing Dev. February,1981;15(2):165-76.

Magdich LV. "Age and the effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone on aldosterone secretion in rats." Biull Eksp Biol Med. July,1980;89(7):19-20.

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