Below are supplemental abstracts and references of research that support the conclusions on the treatment for Cancer Prevention

. Diet and Nutrition References


Diet

Key TJ, et al. "Diet, nutrition and the prevention of cancer." Public Health Nutr. 2004;7(1A):187-200.

Baer HJ, et al. "Adolescent diet and incidence of proliferative benign breast disease." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. November,2003;12:1159-1167.

Denmark-Wahnefried W, Rock CL. "Nutrition-related issues for the breast cancer survivor." Semin Oncol. December,2003;30(6):789-798.

Nomura AMY, et al. "Case-control study of diet and other risk factors for gastric cancer in Hawaii (United States)." Cancer Causes Control. 2003;14:547-558.

Fortes C, et al. "The protective effect of the Mediterranean diet on lung cancer." Nutr Cancer. 2003;46(1):30-37.

Bosetti C, et al. "Diet and environmental carcinogenesis in breast/gynaecological cancers." Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2002.14:13-18.

Chen H, et al. "Dietary patterns and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and distal stomach." Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75:137-144.

Greenwald P, et al. "Diet and cancer prevention." Eur J Cancer. 2001;37:948-965.

Willett WC. "Diet and breast cancer." J Intern Med. 2001;249:395-411.

Nagata C, et al. "Diet and colorectal adenoma in japanese males and females." Dis Colon Rectum. January,2001;44(1):105-111.

Key TJ, Allen NE. "Nutrition and breast cancer." Breast. 2001;10(Suppl. 3):9-13.

Ames BN. "DNA damage from micronutrient deficiencies is likely to be a major cause of cancer." Mutat Res. 2001;475:7-20.

Palli D, et al. "Dietary patterns, nutrient intake and gastric cancer in a high-risk area of italy." Cancer Causes Control. 2001;12:163-172.

Visioli F, et al. "The role of antioxidants in the mediterranean diet." Lipids. 2001;36(Suppl):S49-S52.

Simopoulos AP. "The mediterranean diets: What is so special about the diet of Greece? The scientific evidence." J Nutr. 2001;131:3065S-3073S.

Steinmaus CM, et al. "Diet and bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of six dietary variables." Am J Epidemiol. 2000;151(7):693-702.

Wakai K, et al. "Foods and nutrients in relation to bladder cancer risk: a case-control study in Aichi Prefecture, central Japan." Nutr Cancer. 2000;38(1):13-22.

Bingham SA. "Diet and colorectal cancer prevention." Biochem Soc Trans. 2000;28(2):12-16.

Brett T. "Prostate cancer: what part does diet play?" Aust Fam Physician. December,2000;29(12):1122-1124.

Trichopoulou A, Vasilopoulou E. "Mediterranean diet and longevity." Br J Nutr. 2000;84(Suppl. 2):S205-S209.

Slattery ML. "Diet, lifestyle, and colon cancer." Semin Gastrointest Dis. July,2000;11(3):142-146.

Bosetti C, et al. "Food groups and risk of squamous cell esophageal cancer in northern Italy." Int J Cancer. 2000;87:289-294.

Franceschi S, et al. "Role of macronutrients, vitamins and minerals in the aetiology of squamous-cell carcinoma of the oesophagus." Int J Cancer. 2000;86:626-631.

Slavin JL. "Mechanisms for the impact of whole grain foods on cancer risk." J Am Coll Nutr. 2000;19(3):300S-307S.

Maric RN, Cheng KK. "Meat intake, heterocyclic amines, and colon cancer." Am J Geriatr. 2000;95(12):3683-3684.

Ruano-Ravina A, et al. "Diet and lung cancer: a new approach." Eur J Cancer Prev. 2000;9:395-400.

Saxe GA, et al. "Diet and risk for breast cancer recurrence and survival." Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1999;53:241-253.

Yip I, et al. "Nutrition and prostate cancer." Urologic Clin N Am. May,1999;26(2):403-411.

Levi F, et al. "Food groups and colorectal cancer risk." Br J Cancer. 1999;79(7/8):1283-1287.

Azevedo LF, et al. "Diet and gastric cancer in Portugal - a multivariate model." Eur J Cancer Prev. 1999;8:41-48.

Thomas JA. "Diet, micronutrients, and the prostate gland." Nutr Rev. April,1999;57(4):95-103.

Morton MS, et al. "Can dietary factors influence prostatic disease?" Br J Urol Intl. 1999;84:549-554.

Denis L, et al. "Diet and its preventive role in prostatic disease." Eur Urol. 1999;35:377-387.

Colchamiro R. "Pigments in fruits, vegetables fight cancer, aid vision." Med Trib. December,1999:8.

Hin-Peng L. "Diet and breast cancer: an epidemiologist's perspective." Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 1998;28:115-119.

de Chavez MM, Chavez A. "Diet that prevents cancer: recommendations from the American Institute for Cancer Research." Intl J Cancer 1998;(Suppl.11):85-89.

Krebs-Smith SM. "Progress in improving diet to reduce cancer risk." Cancer. 1998;83:1425-1432.

Weisburger JH. "Can cancer risks be altered by changing nutritional traditions?" Cancer. October1,1998;83(7):1278-1281.

Rock CL. "Nutritional factors in cancer prevention." Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. October,1998;12(5):975-991.

Fulgoni VL, Ramirez AG. "Cancer: the role of diet, nutrition, and fitness." Cancer. October15,1998;83(8):1775-1783.

Block G, et al. "Fruit, vegetables, and cancer prevention: a review of the epidemiologic evidence." Nutr Cancer. 1992;18:1-29.

Nixon D. "Nutrition and cancer." Nutr Cancer. March 1991;80:141-143.

Franceschi S, et al. "Diet and thyroid cancer: a pooled analysis of four European case-controlled studies." Intl J Cancer. 1991;48:395-398.

Ziegler RG. "Vegetables, fruits and carotenoids and the risk of cancer." Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53:251S-9S.

Steinmetz K, Potter JD. "Vegetables, fruit and cancer II: mechanisms." Cancer Causes and Control. 1991;2:427-442.

Harman D. "Free radicals and aging." Mol Cell Biochem. 1988;84:155-161.


Saturated Fat

Taylor EF, et al. "Meat consumption and risk of breast cancer in the UK Women's Cohort Study." Br J Cancer. 2007;96(7):1139-46.

Mattisson I, et al. "Intakes of plant foods, fibre and fat and risk of breast cancer - a prospective study in the Malmo diet and cancer cohort." Br J Cancer. 2004;90:122-127.

Do MH,et al. "Intake of dietary fat and vitamin in relation to breast cancer risk in Korean women: a case-control study." J Korean Med Sci. 2003;18:534-540.

Dai Q, et al. "Consumption of animal foods, cooking methods, and risk of breast cancer." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. September,2002;11:801-808.

Sieri S, et al. "Fat and protein intake and subsequent breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women." Nutr Cancer. 2002;42(1):10-17.

Levi F, et al. "Macronutrients and colorectal cancer: a Swiss case-control study." Ann Oncol. 2002:13;369-373.

Jankevicius F, et al. "Nutrition and risk of prostate cancer." Urol Int. 2002;68:69-80.

de la Taille A, et al. "Cancer of the prostate: influence of nutritional factors." Presse Med. March24,2001;30(11):554-564.

Norat T, Riboli E. "Meat consumption and colorectal cancer: a review of epidemiologic evidence." Nutr Rev. February,2001;59(2):37-47.

Lee MM, Lin SS. "Dietary fat and breast cancer." Ann Rev Nutr. 2000;20:221-248.

van Dam RM, et al. "Diet and basal cell carcinoma of the skin in a prospective cohort of men." Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71:135-141.

Young J. "Dietary and/or nutritional risk factors and breast carcinoma: consumer response." Cancer. March1,2000;88(5):1245-1247.

Velie E, et al. "Dietary fat, fat subtypes, and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: a prospective cohort study." JNCI. May17,2000;92(10):833-839.

Ramon JM, et al. "Dietary fat intake and prostate cancer risk: a case-control study in spain." Cancer Causes Control. 2000;11:679-685.

Weisburger JH. "Eat to live, not live to eat." Nutr. 2000;16(9):767-773.

Bingham SA. "High meat diets and cancer risk." Proc Nutr Soc. 1999;58:243-248.

Schuurman AG, et al. "Animal products, calcium and protein and prostate cancer risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study." Br J Cancer. 1999;80(7):1107-1113.

Wu AH, et al. "Meta-analysis: dietary fat intake, serum estrogen levels, and the risk of breast cancer." J Natl Cancer Inst. March17,1999;91(6):529-534.

Hayes RB, et al. "Dietary factors and risks for prostate cancer among blacks and whites in the United States." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. January,1999;8:25-34.

Zwillich T. "Low-fat diet may cut nonmelanoma skin cancer risk." Skin Aller News. May,1999:18.

Fradet Y, et al. "Dietary fat and prostate cancer progression and survival." Eur Urol. 1999;35:388-391.

Sesink ALA, et al. "Red meat and colon cancer: the cytotoxic and hyperproliferative effects of dietary heme." Cancer Res. November15,1999;59:5704-5709.

Clinton SK, Giovannucci EA. "Diet, nutrition, and prostate cancer." Annu Rev Nutr. 1998;18:413-440.

Lee MM, et al. "Case-control study of diet and prostate cancer in China," Cancer Causes and Control. 1998;9:545-552.

Singh PN, Fraser GE. "Dietary risk factors for colon cancer in a low-risk population." Am J Epidemiol 1998;148(8):761-774.

Bairati I, et al. "Dietary fat and advanced prostate cancer." J Urol. April,1998;159:1271-1275.

Sinha R, et al. "Fried, well-done red meat and risk of lung cancer in women (United States)." Cancer Causes and Control. 1998;9:621-630.

Veierod MB, et al. "Dietary fat intake and risk of prostate cancer: a prospective study of 25,708 Norwegian men." Intl J Cancer. 1997;73:634-638.

Veierod MB, et al. "Dietary fat intake and risk of lung cancer: a prospective study of 51,452 Norwegian men and women." Eur J Cancer Prev. 1997;6:540-549.

Giovannucci EA, et al. "A prospective study of dietary fat and risk of prostate cancer." J Natl Cancer Inst. October6,1993;85(19):1571-1579.

Barrett-Connor E, Friedlander NJ. "Dietary fat, calories and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: a prospective population-based study." J Am Col Nutr. 1993;12(4):390-399.

Willett WC, et al. "Dietary fat and fiber in relation to risk of breast cancer: an eight year follow-up." JAMA. October21,1992;268(15):2037-2044.

Kushi L, et al. "Dietary fat, fatty acids and prostate cancer." Lipids. 1992;27(10):798-803.

"Dietary fat in postmenopausal breast Cancer", J Natl Cancer Inst. July15,1992;84(14):1092-1099.

Goodman MT, et al. "High fat foods and the risk of lung cancer." Epidemiol. July1992;3(4):288-299.

Howe GR, et al. "A cohort study of fat intake and the risk of breast cancer." J Natl Cancer Inst. March6,1991;83(5):336-340.

Kesteloot H, et al. "Dietary fat, saturated animal fat, and cancer risk." Prev Med. 1991;20:221-236.

Howe GR, et al. "Dietary factors and the risk of breast cancer: combined analysis of 12 case-controlled studies." J Natl Cancer Inst. 1990;82:561-569.

Ewertz M, Gill C. "Dietary factors in breast-cancer risk in Denmark." Intl J Cancer. 1990;46:779-784.

Lubin F, et al. "Nutritional factors associated with benign breast disease etiology: a case-control study." Am J Clin Nutr. 1989;50:551-556.


Dairy Products

Axelsson G, Rylander R. "Diet as risk for lung cancer: a Swedish case-control study." Nutr Cancer. 2002;44(2):145-151.

Chan JM, Giovannucci EL. "Dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D and risk of prostate cancer." Epidemiol Rev. 2001;23(1):87-92.

McEligot AJ, et al. "Food avoidance by women at risk for recurrence of breast cancer." J Cancer Educ. 2000;15(3):151-155.

Johnson K. "Dairy products linked to ovarian cancer risk." Fam Prac News. June15,2000:8.

"Dairy products may increase the risk of prostate cancer." Nutr Week. April28,2000;30(17):7.

Chan JM, et al. "Dairy products, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and risk of prostate cancer (Sweden)." Cancer Causes Control. 1998;9:559-566.

Outwater JL, et al. "Dairy products and breast cancer: the IGF-1, estrogen, and BGH hypothesis." Med Hypoth. 1997;48:453-461.

"BGH opponents examine possible link to cancer." Nutr Week. February2,1996;7.

Liebman B. "Crying over milk." Nutr Action. December,1992;1:6-7.

Cramer DW, et al. "Galactose consumption and metabolism in relation to the risk of ovarian cancer." Lancet. 2:66-71,1989.


Garlic

Izzo AA, et al. "Eating garlic and onion: a matter of life or death." Br J Cancer. 2004;91:194-195.

Hodge AM, et al. "Foods, nutrients and prostate cancer." Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15:11-20.

Hsing AW, et al. "Allium vegetables and risk of prostate cancer: a population-based study." J Natl Cancer Inst. November6,2002;94(21):1648-1651.

Bianchini F, Vainio H. "Allium vegetables and organosulfur compounds: do they help prevent cancer?" Environ Health Perspect. September,2001;109(9):893-902.

Fleischauer AT, et al. "Garlic consumption and cancer prevention: meta-analyses of colorectal and stomach cancers." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. January,2001;10:17-23.

Sato T, Miyata G. "The nutraceutical benefit, Part IV: garlic." Nutr. 2000;16(9):787-788.

Siegers CP, et al. "The effects of garlic preparations against human tumor cell proliferation." Phytomed. 1999;6(1):7-11.

"Garlic fights more than vampires." Environ Health Perspect. March,1999;107(3):A136.

Challier B, et al, "Garlic, onion and cereal fiber as protective factors for breast cancer: a French case-control study." Eur J Epidemiol. 1998;14:737-747.

Riggs DR, et al. "Allium sativum (garlic) treatment for murine transitional cell carcinoma." Cancer. May15,1997;79(10):1987-1994.

Ernst E. "Can allium vegetables prevent cancer?" Phytomed. 1997;4(1):79-83.

Kwak MK, et al. "Effects of garlic oil on rat hepatic P4502E1 expression." Xenobiotica. 1995;25(10):1021-1029.

Amagase H, et al. "Impact of various sources of garlic and their constituents on 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene binding to mammary cell DNA." Carcinogene. 1993;14:1627-1631.

Koch HP, et al. "Garlic and onion extracts. In vitro inhibition of adenosine deaminase." Phyto Res. 1992;6:50-52.

Irwin A. "Can a whiff of garlic keep cancer at bay." New Scientist. June22,1991;23.

Yamasaki T, et al. "Effects of allixin, a phytoalexin produced by garlic, on mutagenesis, DNA-binding and metabolism of aflatoxin B1." Cancer Letters. 1991;59:89-94.

Dausch JG, Nixon DW. "Garlic: a review of its relationship to malignant disease." Prev Med. May1990;19(3):346-361.


Simple Sugars

Franceschi S, et al. "Dietary glycemic load and colorectal cancer risk." Ann Oncol. 2001;12:173-178.

Kushi LH, et al. "Prospective study of diet and ovarian cancer." Am J Epidemiol. 1999;149(1):21-31.

Kaaks R. "Nutrition, hormones, and breast cancer: is insulin the missing link?" Cancer Causes and Control. 1996;7:605-625.

Moerman CJ, et al. "Consumption of foods and micronutrients and the risk of cancer of the biliary tract." Prev Med. November,1995;24(6):591-602.

Moerman CJ, et al. "Dietary sugar intake in the etiology of biliary tract cancer." Intl J Epidemiol. 1993;22(2):207-213.

Yam D. "Insulin-cancer relationships: possible dietary implication." Med Hypoth. 1992;38:111-117.


Fiber

Cade JE, et al. "Dietary fibre and risk of breast cancer in the UK Women's Cohort Study." Int J Epidemiol. Jan24,2007.

Mattisson I, et al. "Intakes of plant foods, fibre and fat and risk of breast cancer - a prospective study in the Malmo diet and cancer cohort." Br J Cancer. 2004;90:122-127.

Slattery ML, et al. "Plant foods, fiber, and rectal cancer." Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:274-281.

Bingham SA, et al. "Dietary fibre in food and protection against colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and nutrition (EPIC): an observational study." Lancet. May3,2003;361:1496-1501.

Levi F, et al. "Dietary fibre and the risk of colorectal cancer." Eur J Cancer. 2001;37:2091-2096.

Soler M, et al. "Fiber intake and the risk of oral, pharyngeal and esophageal cancer." J Cancer. 2001;91:283-287.

Soler M, et al. "Fiber intake and the risk of oral, pharyngeal and esophageal cancer." J Cancer. 2001;91:283-287.

Williams GM, at al. "Diet and cancer prevention: the fiber first diet." Toxicol Sci. 1999;52(Suppl.):72-86.

Reddy BS. "Prevention of colon carcinogenesis by components of dietary fiber." Anticancer Res. 1999;19:3681-3684.

Cohen LA. "Dietary fiber and breast cancer." Anticancer Res. 1999;19:3685-3688.

Reddy BS. "Role of dietary fiber in colon cancer: an overview." Am J Med. January25,1999;106(1A):16S-19S.

Lupton JR, Turner ND. "Potential protective mechanisms of wheat bran fiber." Am J Med. January25,1999;106(1A):24S-27S.

Slavin JL. "Implementation of dietary modifications." Am J Med. January25,1999;106(1A):46S-49S.

Faivre J, Giacosa A, "Primary prevention of colorectal cancer through fiber supplementation." Eur J Cancer Prev. 1998;7(Suppl.2):S29-S32.

Ferguson LR, Harris PJ. "Does wheat bran or does wheat dietary fiber protect against breast cancer?" Intl J Cancer. 1998;78:385-386.

McCullough JS, et al. "Dietary fiber and intestinal microflora: effects on intestinal morphometry and crypt branching." Gut. June,1998;42(6):799-806.

Goodman MT, et al. "Association of soy and fiber consumption with the risk of endometrial cancer." Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146(4):294-306.

Le Marchand L, et al. "Dietary fiber and colorectal cancer risk." Epidemiol. 1997;8(6):658-665.

Rohan TE, et al. "Dietary fiber, vitamins A, C and E and the risk of breast cancer: a cohort study." Cancer Causes and Control. 1993;4:29-37.

Suzuki K, et al. "Effect of low fat, high fat and fiber-supplemented high fat diets on colon cancer risk factors and feces of healthy subjects." Nutr Cancer. 1992;18:63-71.

Klurfeld DM. "Dietary fiber-mediated mechanisms in carcinogenesis." Cancer Res. April1,1992;52(Suppl.)2055S-2059S.

Arbman G, et al. "Cereal fiber, calcium and colorectal cancer." Cancer. April15,1992;69(8):2042-2048.

Shankar S, Lanza E. "Dietary fiber and cancer prevention." Hem/Onc Clinics N Am. February,1991;5(1):25-41.

Baute L. "Evidence of protective effects of wheat fiber grows." J Natl Cancer Inst. November20,1991;83(22):1614-1615.


Fruits and Vegetables

Skuladottir H, et al. "Does high intake of fruit and vegetables improve lung cancer survival?" Lung Cancer. 2006;51(3):267-73.

Schultz M, et al. "Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(11 Pt 1):2531-5.

Diergaarde B, et al. "Dietary factors and microsatellite instability in sporadic colon carcinomas." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. November,2003;12:1130-1136.

Malin AS, et al. "Intake of fruits, vegetables and selected micronutrients in relation to the risk of breast cancer." Int J Cancer. 2003;105:413-418.

Sauvaget C, et al. "Vegetables and fruit intake and cancer mortality in the Hiroshima/Nagasaki Life Span Study." Br J Cancer. 2003;88:689-694.

Maynard M, et al. "Fruit, vegetables, and antioxidants in childhood and risk of adult cancer: The Boyd Orr Cohort." J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57:218-225.

Riboli E, Norat T. "Epidemiologic evidence of the protective effect of fruit and vegetables on cancer risk." Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78(Suppl):559S-569S.

Serafini M, et al. "Total antioxidant potential of fruit and vegetables and risk of gastric cancer." Gastroenterol. October,2002;123(4):985-991.

Leonard SS, et al. "Antioxidant properties of fruit and vegetable juices: more to the story than ascorbic acid." Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2002;32(2):193-200.

Flood A, et al. "Fruit and vegetable intakes and the risk of colorectal cancer in the breast cancer detection demonstration project follow-up cohort." Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75:936-943.

Zhang M, et al. "Diet and ovarian cancer risk: a case-control study in China." Br J Cancer. 2002;86:712-717.

Ross JA, et al. "Diet and risk of leukemia in the Iowa Women's Health Study." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. August,2002;11:777-781.

Terry P, et al. "Fruit and vegetable consumption in the prevention of cancer: an update." J Intern Med. 2001;250:280-290.

Wang L. "Veggies prevent cancer through key protein." Science News. March24,2001;159:182.

McCullough ML, et al. "A prospective study of diet and stomach cancer mortality in United States men and women." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. November,2001;10:1201-1205.

Rock CL, et al. "High vegetable and fruit diet intervention in premenopausal women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia." J Am Diet Assoc. October,2001;101(10):1167-1174.

Block G, et al. "Which plasma antioxidants are most related to fruit and vegetable consumption?" Am J Epidemiol. 2001;154(12):1113-1118.

Record IR, et al. "Changes in plasma antioxidant status following consumption of diets high or low in fruit and vegetables or following dietary supplementation with an antioxidant mixture." Br J Nutr. 2001;85:459-464.

Terry P, et al. "Fruit, vegetables, dietary fiber, and risk of colorectal cancer." J Natl Cancer Inst. April4,2001;93(7):525-533.

Bidoli E, et al. "Micronutrients and ovarian cancer: a case-control study in Italy." Ann Oncol. 2001;12:1589-1593.

Kolonel LN, et al. "Vegetables, fruits, legumes and prostate cancer: a multiethnic case-control study." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. August,2000;9:795-804.

Eberhardt MV, et al. "Antioxidant activity of fresh apples." Nature. June22,2000;405:903-904.

Nagano J, et al. "Bladder-cancer incidence in relation to vegetable and fruit consumption: a prospective study of atomic-bomb survivors." Int J Cancer. 2000;86:132-138.

van't Veer P, et al. "Fruits and vegetables in the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease." Public Health Nutr. 2000;3(1):103-107.

Voorrips LE, et al. "Vegetable and fruit consumption and lung cancer risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer." Cancer Causes Control. 2000;11:101-115.

Zhang SM, et al. "Intakes of fruits, vegetables, and related nutrients and the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among women." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarker Prev. May,2000;9:477-485.

Cohen JH, et al. "Fruit and vegetable intakes and prostate cancer risk." J Natl Cancer Inst. January5,2000;92(1):61-68.

Cox BD, et al. "Seasonal consumption of salad vegetables and fresh fruit in relation to the development of cardiovascular disease and cancer." Public Health Nutr. 2000;3(1):19-29.

Potter JD. "Your mother was right: eat your vegetables." Asia Pacific J Clin Nutr. 2000;9(Suppl.):S10-S12.

Solomons NW. "Plant-based diets are traditional in developing countries: 21st century challenges for better nutrition and health." Asia Pacific J Clin Nutr. 2000;9(Suppl.):S41-S54.

Gupta PC, et al. "Influence of dietary factors on oral precancerous lesions in a population-based case-control study in Kerala, India." Cancer. May1,1999;85(9):1885-1893.

Albanes D. "Beta-carotene and lung cancer: a case study." Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(suppl):1345S-1350S.

Sridhar MK. "Nutrition and lung health." Br Med J. January14,1995;310:75-76.

Negri E, et al. "Vegetable and fruit consumption and cancer risk." Intl J Cancer.1991;48:350-354.


Beer and Alcohol Consumption

Zhang SM, et al. "Alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk in the Women's Health Study." Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165(6):667-76.

Li CI, et al. "The relationship between alcohol use and risk of breast cancer by histology and hormone receptor status among women 65-79 years of age." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. October,2003;12:1061-1066.

Bujanda L. "The effects of alcohol consumption upon the gastrointestinal tract." Am J Gastroenterol. December,2000;95(12):3374-3382.

Garland M, et al. "Alcohol consumption in relation to breast cancer risk in a cohort of United States women 25-42 years of age." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. November,1999;8:1017-1021.

Enger SM, et al, "Alcohol consumption and breast cancer oestrogen and progesterone receptor status." Br J Cancer. 1999;79(7/8):1308-1314.

Prescott E, et al. "Alcohol intake and the risk of lung cancer: influence of type of alcoholic beverage." Am J Epidemiol. 1999;149(5):463-470.

Smith-Warner SA, et al. "Alcohol and breast cancer in women: a pooled analysis of cohort studies." JAMA. February18,1998;279(7):535-540.

Baron JA, et al. "Folate intake, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and risk of colorectal adenomas." J Natl Canc Inst. January7,1998;90(1):57-62.

Swanson CA, et al. "Alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk among women under age 45 years." Epidemiol. May,1997;8(3):231-237.

Rivlin RS. "Magnesium deficiency and alcohol intake: mechanisms, clinical significance and possible relation to cancer development (a review)." J Am Coll Nutr. October,1994;13(5):416-423.

Friedenreich CM, et al. "A cohort study of alcohol consumption and the risk of breast cancer." Am J Epidemiol. 1993;137(5):512-520.

Kune G, Vitetta L. "Alcoholic consumption and the etiology of colorectal cancer: a review of the scientific evidence from 1957 to 1991." Nutr Canc. 1992;18(2):97-111.

Riboli E, et al. "Cancer and polyps of the colorectum and lifetime consumption of beer and alcoholic beverages." Am J Pub Health. 1991;133(2):157-166.

Blot WJ. "Alcohol and cancer." Cancer Res. April1,1992;52(Suppl):2119S-2123S.

Carstensen JM, et al. "Cancer incidence among Swedish brewery workers." Intl J Cancer. 1990;45:393-396.


Brassicas

Kristal AR, Lampe JW. "Brassica vegetables and prostate cancer risk: a review of the epidemiological evidence." Nutr Cancer. 2002;42(1):1-9.

Murillo G, Mehta RG. "Cruciferous vegetables and cancer prevention." Nutr Cancer. 2001;41(1&2):17-28.

Zeegers MPA, et al. "Consumption of vegetables and fruits and urothelial cancer incidence: a prospective study." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. November,2001;10:1121-1128.

Fowke JH, et al. "Brassica vegetable consumption shifts estrogen metabolism in healthy postmenopausal women." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. August,2000;9:773-779.

"Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of bladder cancer in a male prospective cohort." Michaud DS, et al. J Natl Cancer Inst. April7,1999;91(7):605-613.

Kirn TF, Imperio WA. "Fluid intake, cruciferous veggies cut bladder cancer." Fam Prac News. August1,1999:17.

Fahey JW, et al. "Broccoli sprouts: an exceptionally rich source of inducers of enzymes that protect against chemical carcinogens." Proceed Nat Acad Sci. September,1997;94:10367-10372.

"Cancer and broccoli." Nutr Week. September19,1997;27(36):7.

Beecher CWW. "Cancer preventive properties of varieties of brassica oleracea: a review." Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59 (Suppl.):1166S-70S.


Fish Consumption

Terry P, et al. "Fatty fish consumption lowers the risk of endometrial cancer: a nationwide case-control study in Sweden." E. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. January,2002;11:143-145.

Terry P, et al. "Fish consumption and breast cancer risk." Nutr Cancer. 2002;44(1):1-6.

Terry P, et al. "Fatty fish consumption and risk of prostate cancer." Lancet. June2,2001;357:1764-1766.

Inoue K-I, et al. "Fatty fish supplementation and risk of prostate cancer." Lancet. October20,2001;358(9290):1367.

Takezaki T, et al. "Dietary factors and lung cancer risk in Japanese: with special reference to fish consumption and adenocarcinomas." Br J Cancer. 2001;84(9):1199-1206.

Grant WB. "Fish consumption, cancer, and Alzheimer disease." Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71:599-603.

Norrish AE, et al. "Prostate cancer risk and consumption of fish oils: a dietary biomarker-based case-control study." Br J Cancer. 1999;81(7):1238-1242.

Kobayashi M, et al. "Serum n-3 fatty acids, fish consumption and cancer mortality in six Japanese populations in Japan and Brazil." Jpn J Cancer Res. September,1999;90:914-921.

de Deckere EAM. "Possible beneficial effect of fish and fish n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast and colorectal cancer." Eur J Cancer Prev. 1999;8:213-221.

Fernandez E, et al. "Fish consumption and cancer risk." Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70:85-90.

Kaizer L, et al. "Fish consumption and breast cancer risk: an ecological study." Nutr and Cancer. 1989;12:61-68.


Soybean Products

Yan L, Spitznagel EL. "Meta-analysis of soy food and risk of prostate cancer in men." Int J Cancer. 2005;8(117):667-669.

Jancin B. "Childhood soy intake may reduce future breast cancer risk." Fam Prac News. Feb1,2005:82.

Harris RM, et al. "Phytoestrogens are potent inhibitors of estrogen sulfation: implications for breast cancer risk and treatment." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(4):1779-1787.

Sarkar FH, Li Y. "Soy isoflavones and cancer prevention." Cancer Investigation. 2003;21(5):744-757.

Yamamoto S, et al. "Soy, isoflavones, and breast cancer risk in Japan." J Natl Cancer Inst. June18,2003;95(12):906-913.

Lee MM, et al. "Soy and isoflavone consumption in relation to prostate cancer risk in China." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. July,2003;12:665-668.

Horn-Ross PL, et al. "Phytoestrogens and thyroid cancer risk: The San Francisco Bay Area Thyroid Cancer Study." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. January,2002;11:43-49.

Dai Q, et al. "Urinary excretion of phytoestrogens and risk of breast cancer among Chinese women in Shanghai." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. September,2002;11:815-821.

Fournier DB, et al. "Soy and cancer prevention." Prim Second Prev Nutr. 2001;3(Part 2):45-54.

Adzersen KH, Gerhard I. "Do phytoestrogens lower the risk of breast cancer?" Geburtsh Frauenheilk. 2001;61:234-241.

Djuric Z, et al. "Effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on markers of oxidative stress in men and women." Cancer Lett. 2001;172:1-6.

Lu L-JW, et al. "Decreased ovarian hormones during a soya diet: implications for breast cancer prevention." Cancer Res. August1,2000;60:4112-4121.

Lamartiniere CA. "Protection against breast cancer with genistein: a component of soy." Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(Suppl):1705S-1707S.

Xu X, et al. "Soy consumption alters endogenous estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. August,2000;9:781-786.

Greenwood S, et al. "The role of isoflavones on menopausal health: consensus opinion of the North American Menopause Society." Menopause. July-August,2000;7(4):215-229.

Nagata C. "Ecological study of the association between soy product intake and mortality from cancer and heart disease in Japan." Int J Epidemiol. 2000;29:832-836.

Zheng W, et al. "Urinary excretion of isoflavonoids and the risk of breast cancer." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. January,1999;8:35-40.

Messina MJ. "Legumes and soybeans: overview of their nutritional profiles and health effects." Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70(Suppl.):439S-450S.

Goldman EL. "Soy may help after menopause, but won't replace HRT." Fam Prac News. November1,1999;29(21):1-2.

Lu LJW, et al. "One month of soy consumption reduces concentrations of circulating steroid hormones and cholecystokinin in men and women." Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68(Suppl):1531S.

Jacobsen BK, et al. "Does high soy milk intake reduce prostate cancer incidence? The Adventist Health Study (United States)." Cancer Causes and Control. 1998;9:553-557.

Goodman MT, et al. "Dietary phytoestrogens and the risk of endometrial cancer." Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68(Suppl):1530S.

Xu X, et al. "Effects of soy isoflavones on estrogen and phytoestrogen metabolism in premenopausal women." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. December,1998;7:1101-1108.

Adlercreutz H. "Epidemiology of phytoestrogens." Bailliere's Clin Endocrinol Metab. December,1998;12(4):605-623.

Zava DT, et al. "Estrogenic activity of natural and synthetic estrogens in human breast cancer cells in culture." Environ Health Perspect. April,1997;105(Suppl 3):637-645.

Stoll BA. "Eating to beat breast cancer: potential role for soy supplements." Ann Oncol. 1997;8:223-225.

Barnes S. "The chemopreventive properties of soy isoflavonoids in animal models of breast cancer." Breast Canc Res Treat. 1997;46:169-179.

Yan L, et al. "Effect of dietary supplementation of soybeans on experimental metastasis of melanoma cells in mice." Nutr Cancer. 1997;29(1):1-6.

Wang TTY, et al. "Molecular effects of genistein on estrogen receptor mediated pathways." Carcinogenesis. 1996;17(2):271-275.

Knight DC, Eden JA. "A review of the clinical effects of phytoestrogens." Obstet Gynecol. May,1996;87(5 part 2):897-904.

Adlecreutz C, et al. "Soybean phytoestrogen intake and cancer risk." J Nutr. 1995;125:757S-770S.

Kennedy AR, et al. "The evidence for soybean products as cancer preventive agents." J Nutr. 1995;125:733S-743S.

Herman T, et al. "Plasma concentrations of phyto-estrogens in Japanese men." Lancet. November13,1993;342:1209-1210.

Messina M, Messina V. "Increasing use of soy foods and their potential role in cancer prevention." J Am Dietetic Assoc. July1991;91(7):836-840.

Messina M, Barnes S. "The role of soy products in reducing the risk of cancer." J Natl Cancer Inst. April17,1991;83(8):541-546.

Lee HP, et al. "Dietary effects on breast cancer risk in Singapore." Lancet. May18,1991;337:1197-1200.


Tomatoes

Muller N, et al. "Tomato products and lycopene supplements: mandatory components in nutritional treatment of cancer patients?" Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2003;6:657-660.

Miller EC, et al. "Tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer risk." Urol Clin N Am. 2002;29:83-93.

Levi F, et al. "Dietary intake of selected micronutrients and breast-cancer risk." Int J Cancer. 2001;91:260-263.

Rao AV, Agarwal S. "Role of antioxidant lycopene in cancer and heart disease." J Am Coll Nutr. 2000;19(5):563-569.

Agarwal S, et al. "Tomato lycopene and its role in human health and chronic diseases." Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70:1107-1110.

Giovannucci EA. "Tomatoes, tomato-based products, lycopene, and cancer: review of the epidemiologic literature." J Natl Cancer Inst. February17,1999;91(4):317-331.

Rao AV, Agarwal S. "Role of lycopene as antioxidant carotenoid in the prevention of chronic diseases: a review." Nutr Res. 1999;19(2):305-323.

La Vecchia C. "Mediterranean epidemiological evidence on tomatoes and the prevention of digestive-tract cancers." Proceed Soc Exper Biol Med. 1998;218:125-128.

Giovannucci EA, Clinton SK. "Tomatoes, lycopene and prostate cancer." Proceed Soc Exper Biol Med. 1998;218:129-139.

Sharoni Y, et al. "Effects of lycopene-enriched tomato oleoresin on 7,12- dimethyl-benz[a]anthrancene-induced rat mammary tumors." Cancer Detect Prev. 1997;21(2):118-123.

Clinton SK, et al. "Cis-trans lycopene isomers, carotenoids, and retinol in the human prostate." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. October,1996;5:823-833.

Giovannucci EA, et al. "Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of prostate cancer." J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995;87(23):1767-1776.


Tea

Zhang XH, et al. "Tea drinking and the risk of biliary tract cancers and biliary stones: a population-based case-control study in Shanghai, China." Int J Cancer. 2006;118(12):3089-94.

Zhao X, et al. "Epigallocatechin gallate, the main ingredient of green tea induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells." Front Biosci. 2006;11:2428-33.

Il'yasova D, et al. "Tea consumption, apoptosis, and colorectal adenomas." Eur J Cancer Prev. 2003;12(5):439-443.

Il'Yasova D, et al. "Black tea consumption and risk of rectal cancer in Moscow population." Ann Epidemiol. July,2003;13(6):405-411.

Saleem M, et al. "Tea beverage in chemoprevention of prostate cancer: a mini-review." Nutr Cancer. 2003;47(1):13-23.

Young JF, et al. "Green tea extract only affects markers of oxidative status postprandially: lasting antioxidant effect of flavonoid-free diet." Br J Nutr. 2002;87:343-355.

Su LJ. "Tea consumption and the reduced risk of colon cancer - results from a national prospective cohort study." Arab L. Public Health Nutr. 2002;5(3):419-425.

McKay DL, Blumberg JB. "The role of tea in human health: an update." J Am Coll Nutr. 2002;21(1):1-13.

Zeegers MPA, et al. "Are coffee, tea, and total fluid consumption associated with bladder cancer risk? Results from the Netherlands Cohort Study." Cancer Causes Control. 2001;12:231-238.

Tsubono Y, et al. "Green tea and the risk of gastric cancer in japan." N Engl J Med. March1,2001;344(9):632-636.

Yang CS, Landau JM. "Effects of tea consumption on nutrition and health." J Nutr. 2000;130:2409-2412.

Bianchi GD, et al. "Tea consumption and risk of bladder and kidney cancers in a population-based case-control study." Am J Epidemiol. 2000;151(4):377-383.

Yang CS, et al. "Tea and tea polyphenols in cancer prevention." J Nutr. 2000;130:472S-478S.

Yang CS, Landau JM. "Effects of tea consumption on nutrition and health." J Nutr. 2000;130:2409-2412.

Sato T, Miyata G. "The nutraceutical benefit, Part I: green tea." Nutr. 2000;16:315-317.

Katiyar SK, et al. "Green tea and skin." Arch Dermatol. August,2000;136:989-994.

Katiyar SK, et al. "Green tea polyphenol treatment to human skin prevents formation of ultraviolet light B-induced pyrimidine dimers in DNA."

Mukhtar H, Ahmad N. "Green tea in chemoprevention of cancer." Toxicol Sci. 1999;52(Suppl):111-117.

Mathe G. "Red wine, green tea and vitamins: do their antioxidants play a role in immunologic protection against cancer or even AIDS?" Biomed Pharmacother. 1999;53:165-167.

Cao Y, Cao R. "Angiogenesis inhibited by drinking tea." Nature. April1,1999;398:381.

Dashwood RH, et al. "Cancer chemopreventive mechanisms of tea against heterocyclic amine mutagens from cooked meat." P S E B M. 1999;220:239-243.

Li N, et al. "The chemopreventive effects of tea on human oral precancerous mucosa lesions." P S E B M. 1999;220:218-224.

Chow WH, et al. "Tea drinking and cancer risk: epidemiologic evidence." P S E B M. 1999;220:197.

Weisburger JH. "Tea and health: the underlying mechanisms." P S E B M. 1999;220:271-275.

Fujiki H, et al. "Cancer inhibition by green tea." Mutation Res. 1998;402:307-310.

Suga K, et al. "Phase I clinical trial with green tea tablets in a Japanese healthy population." Cancer Prev Intl. 1998;3:79-88.

Bushman JL. "Green tea and cancer in humans: a review of the literature." Nutr Cancer. 1998;31(3):151-159.

Weisburger JH. "Chemoprevention of cancer by tea." Cancer Nutr. 1998;167-171.

Imai K. "Cancer-preventive effects of drinking green tea among a Japanese Population." Prev Med. 1997;26:769-775.

Fujiki H, et al. "Japanese green tea as a cancer preventive in humans." Nutr Rev. November,1996;54(11):S67-S70.

Goldbohm RA, et al. "Consumption of black tea and cancer risk: a prospective cohort study." J Natl Cancer Inst. January17,1996;88(2):93-100.

Shim JS, et al. "Chemopreventive effect of green tea (Camellia sinesis) among cigarette smokers." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. June1995;4:387-391.

Yen GC, Chen HY. "Antioxidant activity of various tea extracts in relation to their antimutagenicity." J Agric Food Chem. 1995;43:27-32.

"Exploring the chemopreventive properties of tea." Prim Care Cancer: Am Health Foun Upd. February,1995;15(2):30-31.

Mukhtar H, et al. "Green tea and the skin - anticarcinogenic effects." J Invest Dermatol. 1994;102:3-7.

Yang CS, Wang ZY. "Tea and cancer." J Natl Cancer Inst. July 7,1993;85(13):1038-1049.


Cholesterol

Zureik M, et al. "Decline in serum total cholesterol and the risk of death from cancer." Epidemiol. March,1997;8(2):137-143.

Shekelle RB, et al. "Dietary cholesterol and the incidence of lung cancer: the Western Electric study." Am J Epidemiol. 1991;134(5):480-484.


Salted and Pickled Foods

Tsugane S, et al. "Salt and salted food intake and subsequent risk of gastric cancer among middle-aged Japanese men and women." Br J Cancer. 2004;90:128-134.

Cheng KK, et al. "Pickled vegetables and the etiology of esophageal cancer in Hong Kong chinese." Lancet. May 30,1992;339:1314-1318.


Vitamin and Mineral References


Antioxidants

Murtaugh MA, et al. "Antioxidants, carotenoids, and risk of rectal cancer." Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159(1):32-41.

Subapriya R, et al. "Oxidant-antioxidant status in oral precancer and oral cancer patients." Toxicol Mech Methods. 2003;13:77-81.

Ito Y, et al. "Serum antioxidants and subsequent mortality rates of all causes or cancer among rural Japanese inhabitants." Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2002;72(4):237-250.

Adams AK, Best TM. "The role of antioxidants in exercise and disease prevention." Phys Sportsmed. May,2002;30(5):37-46.

Dietrich M, et al. "Antioxidant supplementation decreases lipid peroxidation biomarker F2-isoprostanes in plasma of smokers." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. January,2002;11:7-13.

Fleischauer AT, et al. "Dietary antioxidants, supplements, and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer." Nutr Cancer. 2001;40(2):92-98.

Lachance PA, et al. "Antioxidants: an integrative approach." Nutr. 2001;17:835-838.

Malvy DJ-M, et al. "Effect of two years' supplementation with natural antioxidants on vitamin and trace element status biomarkers: preliminary data of the SU.VI.MAX Study." Cancer Detect Prev. 2001;25(5):479-485.

Moorman PG, et al. "Vitamin supplement use and breast cancer in a North Carolina population." Pub Health Nutr. 2001;4(3):821-827.

Skrzydlewska E, et al. "Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in colorectal cancer." J Toxicol Environ Health. 2001;64(Part A):213-222.

Owen RW, et al. "The antioxidant/anticancer potential of phenolic compounds isolated from olive oil." Eur J Cancer. 2000;36:1235-1247.

Bostwick DG, et al. "Antioxidant enzyme expression and reactive oxygen species damage in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer." Cancer. July1,2000;89(1):123-134.

Michaud DS, et al. "Prospective study of dietary supplements, macronutrients, micronutrients, and risk of bladder cancer in US men." Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152(12):1145-1153.

Ekstrom AM, et al. "Dietary antioxidant intake and the risk of cardia cancer and noncardia cancer of the intestinal and diffuse types: a population-based case-control study in Sweden." Int J Cancer. 2000;87:133-140.

Clinton SK. "The dietary antioxidant network and prostate carcinoma." Cancer. November1,1999;86(9):1629-1631.

Woutersen RA, et al. "Modulation of pancreatic carcinogenesis by antioxidants." Food Chem Toxicol. 1999;37:981-984.

McKeown N. "Antioxidants and breast cancer." Nutr Rev. 1999;57(10):321-324.

Prasad KN, et al. "High doses of multiple antioxidant vitamins: essential ingredients in improving the efficacy of standard cancer therapy." J Am Coll Nutr. 1999;18(1):13-25.

Bohlke K, et al. "Vitamins A, C and E and the risk of breast cancer: results from a case-control study in Greece." Br J Cancer. 1999;79(1):23-29.

Branch DR. "Sunscreen may be enhanced by addition of topical antioxidants." Skin & Allergy News. September,1999:18.

Hughes DA. "Effects of dietary antioxidants on the immune function of middle-aged adults." Proc Nutr Soc. 1999;58:79-84.

Vural P, et al. "Plasma antioxidant defense in actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma." J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. September,1999;13(2):96-101.

Halliwell B. "Can oxidative DNA damage be used as a biomarker of cancer risk in humans? problems, resolutions and preliminary results from nutritional supplementation studies." Free Rad Res. 1998;29:469-486.

Hercberg S, et al. "The potential role of antioxidant vitamins in preventing cardiovascular diseases and cancers." Nutr. 1998;14(6):513-520.

Correa P, et al. "Review article: antioxidant micronutrients and gastric cancer." Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1998;12(Suppl.1):73-82.

Kumagai Y, et al. "Serum antioxidant vitamins and risk of lung and stomach cancer in Shenyang, China." Cancer Letters. 1998;129:145-149.

Howard DJ, et al. "Oxidative stress induced by environmental tobacco smoke in the workplace is mitigated by antioxidant supplementation." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. November,1998;7:981-988.

Chinery R, et al. "Antioxidants enhance the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents in colorectal cancer: a p53-independent induction of p21WAF1/CIP1 via C/EBPb." Nature Med. November,1997;3(11):1233-1241.

Singh RB, et al. "Diet, antioxidants and risk of cancer: a case-control study." J Nutr Env Med. 1997;7:267-274.

Talwar D, et al. "Effect of inflammation on measures of antioxidant status in patients with non-small cell lung cancer." Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66:1283-1285.

Singh RB, et al. "Dietary intake and plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins in health and disease: a hospital-based case-control study." J Nutr Environ Med. 1995;5:235-242.

Hennekens CH. "Antioxidant vitamins and cancer." Am J Med. September6,1994;97(Suppl.3A):3A-2S-2A-4S.

Hunter DJ. "Antioxidant micronutrients and breast cancer." J Am Col Nutr. October,1992;11(5):633/Abstract120.

Ginter E. "Re: plasma antioxidant vitamins and subsequent cancer mortality in the twelve-year follow-up of the prospective basel study." Am J Epidemiol. 1992;135(5):587.

Byers T, Perry G. "Dietary carotenes, vitamin C, and vitamin E as protective antioxidants in human cancers." Ann Rev Nutr. 1992;12:139-59.

Garewal HS. "Potential role of beta-carotene and antioxidant vitamins in the prevention of oral cancer." NY Academy Sci. February9-12,1992;23.

Chen J, et al. "Antioxidant status and cancer mortality in China." Intl J Epidemiol. 1992;21(4):625-635.

Stahelin HB, et al. "Plasma antioxidant vitamins and subsequent cancer mortality in twelve-year follow-up of the prospective basel study." Am J Epidemiol. 1991;133:766-75.

Dorgan JF, Schatzkin A. "Antioxidant micronutrients and cancer prevention." Hematol/Oncol Clin N Am. February,1991;5(1);43-68.

Gerber M, et al. "Antioxidants and female breast cancer patients." Cancer Invest. 1991;9(4):421-428.

Weisburger JH. "Nutritional approach to cancer prevention with emphasis on vitamins, antioxidants and carotenoids." Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53:226S-237S.

Knekt P, et al. "Dietary antioxidants and the risk of lung cancer." Am J Epidemiol. 1991;134(5):471-9.

Singh VN, Gaby SK. "Premalignant lesions: role of antioxidant vitamins and beta-carotene in risk reduction and prevention of malignant transformation." Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53:386S-390S.

Diplock AT. "The role of antioxidants in clinical practice." Br J Clin Prac. July,1990;44(7):257-258.


Beta Carotene

Nkondjock A, et al. "Dietary intake of lycopene is associated with reduced pancreatic cancer risk." J Nutr. 2005;135:592-597.

Murtaugh MA, et al. "Antioxidants, carotenoids, and risk of rectal cancer." Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159(1):32-41.

Vogt TM, et al. "Serum lycopene, other serum carotenoids, and risk of prostate cancer in US blacks and whites." Am J Epidemiol. 2002;155(11):1023-1032.

Fung TT, et al. "Vitamins and carotenoids intake and the risk of basal cell carcinoma of the skin in women (United States)." Cancer Causes Control. 2002;13:221-230.

Holick C N, et al. "Dietary carotenoids, serum -carotene, and retinol and risk of lung cancer in the Alpha-tocopherol, Beta-carotene Cohort Study." Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156(6):536-547.

Cramer DW, et al. "Carotenoids, antioxidants and ovarian cancer risk in pre- and postmenopausal women." Int J Cancer. 2001;94:128-134.

Cook NR, et al. "Effect of beta-carotene supplementation on cancer incidence by baseline characteristics in the Physicians' Health Study (United States)." Cancer Causes Control. 2000;11:617-626.

Michaud DS, et al. "Intake of specific carotenoids and risk of lung cancer in 2 prospective US cohorts." Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:990-997.

Ratnasinghe D, et al. "Serum carotenoids are associated with increased lung cancer risk among alcohol drinkers, but not among non-drinkers in a cohort of tin miners." Alcohol Alcohol. 2000;35(4):355-360.

Lee J, et al. "Carotenoid supplementation reduces erythema in human skin after simulated solar radiation exposure." Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 2000;223:170-174.

Slattery ML, et al. "Carotenoids and colon cancer." Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71:575-582.

Botterweck AAM, et al. "Vitamins, carotenoids, dietary fiber, and the risk of gastric carcinoma: results from a prospective study after 6.3 years of follow-up." Cancer. February15,2000;88(4):737-748.

Negri E, et al. "Selected micronutrients and oral and pharyngeal cancer." Int J Cancer. 2000;86:122-127.

Norrish AE, et al. "Prostate cancer and dietary carotenoids." Am J Epidemiol. 2000;151(2):119-123.

Bramley PM. "Is lycopene beneficial to human health?" Phytochem. 2000;54:233-236.

Cook NR, et al. "Beta-carotene supplementation for patients with low baseline levels and decreased risks of total and prostate carcinoma." Cancer. November1,1999;86(9):1783-1792.

Green A, et al. "Daily sunscreen application and beta-carotene supplementation in prevention of basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas of the skin: a randomized controlled trial." Lancet. August28,1999;354:723-729.

Nagata C, et al. "Serum carotenoids and vitamins and risk of cervical dysplasia from a case-control study in Japan." Br J Cancer. 1999;81(7):1234-1237.

Onogi N, et al. "Antiproliferative effect of carotenoids on human colon cancer cells without conversion to retinoic acid." Nutr Cancer. 1998;32(1):20-24.

Kantesky PA, et al. "Dietary intake and blood levels of lycopene: association with cervical dysplasia among non-hispanic, black women." Nutr Cancer. 1998;31(1):31-40.

Hennekens CH, "B-carotene supplementation and cancer prevention." Nutr. 1997;13(7/8):697-699.

Prabhudas PR, et al. "Plasma levels of beta-carotene, lycopene, canthaxanthin, retinol, and a- and g-tocopherol in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer." Clin Cancer Res. January,1996;2:181-185.

Manetta A, Fuchtner C. "Chemoprevention of cervical sarcinoma, the role of beta-carotene." Fem Patient. February,1992;17:120-125.

Buckley DI, et al. "Dietary micronutrients and cervical dysplasia in southwestern American Indian women." Nutr Cancer. 1992;17(2):179-185.

Singh VN. "Role of B-carotene in disease prevention with special reference to cancer." Lipid-Sol Antioxidants: Biochem Clin Applications. 1992;208-227,Birkhauser Verlag,Basel,Switzerland.

De Vet H, et al. "The role of beta-carotene and other dietary factors in the etiology of cervical dysplasia: results of a case-controlled study." Intl J Epidemiol. 1991;20(3):603-610.

Edes TE, et al. "Exposure to the carcinogen benzopyrene depletes tissue vitamin A: B-carotene prevents depletion." Nutr Cancer. 1991;15:159-166.

Mathews-Roth MM. "Effects of carotenoid administration on bladder cancer prevention." Oncol. 1991;48:177-179.

Harris RWC, et al. "A case-controlled study of dietary carotene in men with lung cancer and in men with other epithelial cancers." Nutr Cancer. 1991;15(1)64-68.

Stich HF, et al. "Remission of precancerous lesions in the oral cavity of tobacco chewers and maintenance of the protective effect of B-carotene or vitamin A." Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53:298S-304S.

Salkeld R, et al. "The predictive value of serum B-carotene for subsequent development of lung cancer." Nutr Cancer. 1991;167-168.

Palan PR, et al. "Plasma levels of antioxidant beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol in uterine cervix dysplasias and cancer." Nutr Cancer. 1991;15(1):13-20.

Engle A, et al. "Nutritional factors and ovarian cancer." Nutr and Cancer. 1991;15(3&4):240-247.

Potischman N, et al. "Breast cancer and dietary and plasma concentrations of carotenoids and vitamin A." Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;52:909-15.

Dartigues JF, et al. "Dietary vitamin A, beta-carotene and risk of epidermoid lung cancer in southwestern France." Eur J Epidemiol. 1990;6(3):261-265.

Stahelin HB. "Beta-carotene and cancer." Br J Clin Prac. December,1990;44(11):543-545.

Palan PR, et al. "Decreased B-carotene tissue levels in uterine leiomyomas and cancers of the reproductive and nonreproductive organs." Am J Obstet Gyn. December1989;161(6);Part I, 1649-1652.

La Vecchia C, et al. "Dietary vitamin a and the risk of invasive cervical cancer." Int J Cancer. 1984;34:319-322.


Vitamin C

Takeyama Y. "Dietary intake as a risk factor for pancreatic cancer in Japan: High cholesterol and low vitamin C diet." J Gastroenterol. 2005;40:324-325.

Nissen SB, et al. "Intake of vitamins A, C and E from diet and supplements and breast cancer in postmenopausal women." Cancer Causes Control. 2003;14:695-704.

Jacobs EJ, et al. "Vitamin C and vitamin E supplement use and bladder cancer mortality in a large cohort of U. S. men and women." Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156(11):1002-1010.

Khaw K-T, et al. "Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in Epic-Norfolk Prospective Study: a prospective population study." Lancet. March3,2001;357:657-663.

Moorman PG, et al. "Vitamin supplement use and breast cancer in a North Carolina population." Public Health Nutr. 2001;4(3):821-827.

Padayatty SJ, Levine M. "New insights into the physiology and pharmacology of vitamin c." CMAJ. February6,2001;164(3):353-355.

Sargeant LA, et al. "Vitamin C and hyperglycemia in the European prospective investigation into cancer-Norfolk (Epic-Norfolk) Study: a population-based study." Diabetes Care. June,2000;23(6):726-732.

Loria CM, et al. "Vitamin C status and mortality in U.S. adults." Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:139-145.

Reed PI. "Vitamin C, Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinogenesis." Intl J Vitam Nutr Res. 1999;69(3):220-227.

Giri A, et al. "Vitamin C mediated protection on cisplatin induced mutagenicity in mice." Mutat Res. 1998;421:139-148.

Shamaan NA, et al. "Vitamin C and Aloe vera supplementation protects from chemical hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat." Nutr. 1998;14(11/12):846-852.

Liu T, et al. "A case control study of nutritional factors and cervical dysplasia." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. November-December,1993;2(6):525-530.

Vojdani A, Ghoneum M. "In vivo effect of ascorbic acid on enhancement of human natural killer cell activity." Nutr Res. 1993;13:753-764.

Henson DE, et al. "Ascorbic acid: biological functions and relation to cancer." J Natl Cancer Inst. April17,1991;83(8):547-550.

Block G. "Vitamin C and cancer prevention: the epidemiologic evidence." Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53:2701-282S.

Block G, et al. "Vitamin C: a new look." Ann Int Med. May15,1991;114(10):909-910.

Meadows GG, et al. "Ascorbate in the treatment of experimental transplanted melanoma." Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54:1284S-91S.

Block G. "Epidemiologic evidence regarding vitamin C and cancer." Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54:1310S-14S.

Romney SL, et al. "Plasma vitamin C and uterine cervical dysplasia." Am J Obstet Gynecol. April1,1985;151(7):976-980.

Wassertheil-Smoller S, et al. "Dietary vitamin C and uterine cervical dysplasia." Am J Epidemiol. 1981;114(5):714-724.


Vitamin D

Lappe JM, et al. "Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial." Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(6):1586-91.

Chen TC, Holick MF. "Vitamin D and prostate cancer prevention and treatment." Trends in Endocrinol Metab. November,2003;14(9):423-430.

Lamprecht SA, Lipkin M. "Chemoprevention of colon cancer by calcium, vitamin D and folate: molecular mechanisms." Cancer. August,2003;3:601-614.

Fairfield KM, Fletcher RH. "Vitamins for chronic disease prevention in adults: scientific review." JAMA. June19,2002;287(23):3116-3126.

Tuohimaa P, et al. "Vitamin D and prostate cancer." J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2001;76:125-134.

Peters U, et al. "Vitamin D, calcium, and vitamin D receptor polymorphism in colorectal adenomas." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. December,2001;10:1267-1274.

Vieth R. "Vitamin D nutrition and its potential health benefits for bone, cancer and other conditions." J Nutr Environ Med. 2001;11:275-291.

Platz EA, et al. "Plasma 1,25-dihydroxy- and 25-hydroxyvitamin D and adenomatous polyps of the distal colorectum." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. October,2000;9:1059-1065.

Janowsky EC, et al. "Association between low levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d and breast cancer risk." Public Health Nutr. 1999;2(3):283-291.

Lipkin M, Newmark HL. "Vitamin D, calcium and prevention of breast cancer: a review." J Am Coll Nutr. 1999;18(5):392S-397S.

van Leeuwen JPTM, et al. "Vitamin D and breast cancer." Vit D: Physiol, Mol Biol Clin Applic. 1999;24:411-429.

Miller GJ. "Vitamin D and prostate cancer: biologic interactions and clinical potentials." Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1999;17:353-360.

Sabet SJ, et al. "Antineoplastic effect and toxicity of 1,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-23-yne-vitamin D3 in athymic mice with Y-79 human retinoblastoma tumors." Arch Ophthalmol. March,1999;117:365-370.

John EM, et al."Vitamin D and breast cancer risk: the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, 1971-1975 to 1992." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. May,1999;8:399-406.

"Vitamin D: how much is enough?" Emerg Med. September,1998;48-51.

Peehl DM, et al. "Vitamin D and prostate cancer." J Endo Invest. 1994;17(Suppl.1-No.3).

Simard A, et al. "Vitamin D deficiency and cancer of the breast: an unprovocative ecological hypothesis." Can J Pub Health. September/October,1991;82:300-303.

Pols HAP, et al. "Vitamin D: a modulator of cell proliferation and differentiation." J Steroid Biochem Molec Biol. 1990;37(6):873-876.


Vitamin E

Sylvester PW, Shah SJ. "Mechanisms mediating the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of vitamin E in mammary cancer cells." Front Biosci. Jan1,2005;10:699-709.

Palan PR, et al. "à-tocopherol and à tocopheryl quinone levels in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer." Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190:1407-1410.

Tomasetti M, et al. "à-tocopheryl succinate and TRAIL selectively synergise in induction of apoptosis in human malignant mesothelioma cells." Br J Cancer. 2004;90(8):1644-1653.

Ferreira PR, et al. "Protective effect of alpha-tocopherol in head and neck cancer radiation-induced mucositis: a double-blind randomized trial." Head Neck. April,2004;26:313-321.

Sung L, et al. "Vitamin E: the evidence for multiple roles in cancer." Nutr Cancer. 2003;46(1):1-14.

Neuzil J. "Vitamin E succinate and cancer treatment: a vitamin E prototype for selective antitumour activity." Br J Cancer. 2003;89(10):1822-1826.

Virtamo J, et al. "Incidence of cancer and mortality following à-tocopherol and -carotene supplementation: a postintervention follow-up." JAMA. July23/30,2003;290(4):476-485.

Al-Saleh I, Al-Doush I. "Serum selenium and dl-à- tocopherol levels in women with breast cancer." Trace Elem Electrolytes. 2002;19(3):118-124.

Helzlsouer KJ, et al. "Association between alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, selenium, and subsequent prostate cancer." J Natl Cancer Inst. December20,2000;92(24):2018-2023.

Malafa MP, Neitzel LT. "Vitamin E succinate promotes breast cancer tumor dormancy." J Surg Res. 2000;93:163-170.

Woodson K, et al. "Serum à-tocopherol and subsequent risk of lung cancer among male smokers." J Natl Cancer Inst. October20,1999;91(20):1738-1743.

Lehtinen M, et al. "Low levels of serum vitamins A and E in blood and subsequent risk for cervical cancer: interaction with HPV seropositivity." Nutr Cancer. 1999;34(2):229-234.

Heinonen OP, et al. "Prostate cancer and supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene: incidence and mortality in a controlled trial." J Natl Cancer Inst. March18,1998;90(6):440-446.

Ingles SA, et al. "Plasma tocopherol and prevalence of colorectal adenomas in a multiethnic population." Cancer Res. February15,1998;58:661-666.

Bonn D. "Vitamin E may reduce prostate-cancer incidence." Lancet. March28,1998;351:961.

Chajes V, et al. "Alpha-tocopherol and hydroperoxide content in breast adipose tissue from patients with breast tumors." Int J Cancer. 1996;67:170-175.

Prasad KN, Edwards-Prasad J. "Vitamin E and cancer prevention: recent advances and future potentials." J Am Col Nutr. 1992;11(5):47-500.

Longnecker MP, et al. "Serum à-tocopherol concentration in relation to subsequent colorectal cancer: pooled data from five cohorts." J Natl Cancer Inst. March15,1992;84(6):430-434.

Smigel K. "Vitamin E moves on stage in cancer prevention studies." J Natl Cancer Inst. July1,1992;84(13):996-997.

Knekt P, et al. "Vitamin E and cancer prevention." Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53:283S-286S.

"Role of vitamin E in the prophylaxis of cancer." Ann Med. 1991;23:3-12.

Cuzick J, et al. "Vitamin A, vitamin E and the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia." Br J Cancer. 1990;62:651-652.

Knekt P, et al. "A case-controlled study of serum vitamins A, E and C in lung cancer patients." Nutr Cancer. 1990;14:133-140.

Kondo S, et al. "Protective effect of DL-A-tocopherol on the cytotoxicity of ultraviolet B against human skin fibroblasts in vitro." Photodermatol. 1990;7:173-177.

Lathia D, Blum A. "The role of vitamin E as a nitrate scavenger and N-nitrosamine inhibitor: a review." Intl J Nutr Vit Res. 1989;59:430-438.


Folate

Welzel TM, et al. "Blood folate levels and risk of liver damage and hepatocellular carcinoma in a prospective high-risk cohort." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(6):1279-82.

Martinez ME, et al. "Folate and colorectal neoplasia: relation between plasma and dietary markers of folate and adenoma recurrence." Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:691-697.

Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, et al. "Esophageal and gastric cardia cancer risk and folate- and vitamin B12-related polymorphisms in Linxian, China." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. November,2003;12:1222-1226.

Kawakami K, Ruszkiewicz A. "The folate pool in colorectal cancers is associated with DNA hypermethylation and with a polymorphism in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase." Clin Cancer Res. December1,2003;9:5860-5865.

Lamprecht SA, Lipkin M. "Chemoprevention of colon cancer by calcium, vitamin D and folate: molecular mechanisms." Cancer. August,2003;3:601-614.

Hernandez BY, et al. "Diet and premalignant lesions of the cervix: evidence of a protective role for folate, riboflavin, thiamin, and vitamin B12." Cancer Causes Control. 2003;14:859-870.

Pufulete M, et al. "Folate status, genomic DNA hypomethylation, and risk of colorectal adenoma and cancer: a case control study." Gastroenterol. May,2003;124(5):1240-1248.

Wei Q, et al. "Association between low dietary folate intake and suboptimal cellular DNA repair capacity." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. October,2003;12:963-969.

Shen H, et al. "Dietary folate intake and lung cancer risk in former smokers: a case-control analysis." Cancer Epidemiol Bio Prev. October,2003;12:980-986.

Almadori G, et al. "Serum folate and homocysteine levels in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma." Cancer. February15,2002;94(4):1006-1011.

Giovannucci E. "Epidemiologic studies of folate and colorectal neoplasia: a review." J Nutr. 2002;132:2350S-2355S.

Harnack L, et al. "Relationship of folate, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and methionine intake to incidence of colorectal cancers." Nutr Cancer. 2002;43(2):152-158.

Eichholzer M, et al. "Folate and the risk of colorectal, breast and cervix cancer: the epidemiological evidence." Swiss Med Wkly. 2001;131:539-549.

Shrubsole MJ, et al. "Dietary folate intake and breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study." Cancer Res. October1,2001;61:7136-7141.

Su LJ. "Nutritional status of folate and colon cancer risk: Evidence from NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study." Arab L. Ann Epidemiol. January,2001;11(1):65-72.

Sellers TA, et al. "Dietary folate intake, alcohol, and risk of breast cancer in a prospective study of postmenopausal women." Epidemiol. July,2001;12(4):420-428.

Su LJ, Arab L. "Nutritional status of folate and colon cancer risk: evidence from NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study." Ann Epidemiol. January,2001;11(1):65-72.

Goodman MT, et al. "Association of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism c677t and dietary folate with the risk of cervical dysplasia." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. December,2001;10:1275-1280.

Alberg AJ, et al. "The risk of cervical cancer in relation to serum concentrations of folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. July,2000;9:761-764.

Rohan TE, et al. "Dietary folate consumption and breast cancer risk." J Natl Cancer Inst. February2,2000;92(3):266-269.

Duthie SJ. "Folic acid deficiency and cancer: mechanisms of DNA instability." Br Med Bull. 1999;55(3):578-592.

Kato I, et al. "Serum folate, homocysteine and colorectal cancer risk in women: a nested case-control study." Br J Cancer. 1999;79(11/12):1917-1921.

"Folate intake and colon cancer risk in women." Women's Health Prim Care. February,1999;2(2):98.

Slattery ML, et al. "Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, diet, and risk of colon cancer." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. June,1999;8:513-518.

Kim YI. "Folate and carcinogenesis: evidence, mechanisms, and implications." J Nutr Biochem. February,1999;10:66-88.

Kim YI. "Folate and cancer prevention: a new medical application of folate beyond hyperhomocysteinemia and neural tube defects." Nutr Rev. 1999;57(10):314-321.

Giovannucci EA, et al. "Multivitamin use, folate, and colon cancer in women in the Nurses' Health Study." Ann Int Med. October1,1998;129(7):517-524.

Mason JB. "Folate and colon cancer: a fascinating puzzle we have yet to complete." Clin Nutr. 1998;17:41-43.

Cravo ML. "Effect of folate supplementation on DNA methylation of rectal mucosa in patients with colonic adenomas: correlation with nutrient intake." Clin Nutr. 1998;17:45-49.

Fowler BM, et al. "Hypomethylation in cervical tissue: is there a correlation with folate status?" Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. October,1998;901-906.

Kwasniewska A, et al. "Folate deficiency and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia." Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1997;18(6):526-530.

Lashner BA, et al. "The effect of folic acid supplementation on the risk for cancer or dysplasia in ulcerative colitis." Gastroenterol. January,1997;112(1):29-32.

Porcelli B, et al. "Levels of folic acid in plasma and in red blood cells of colorectal cancer patients." Biomed Pharmacotherapy. 1996;50:303-305.

Boutron-Ruault MC, et al. "Folate and alcohol intakes: related or independent roles in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence?" Nutr Cancer. 1996;26:337-346.

Blount BC. "DNA damage in folate deficiency." Balliere's Clin Hematol. September,1995;8(3):461-478.

Paspatis G, et al. "Folate status and adenomatous colonic polyps - a colonoscopically controlled study." Dis Colon Rectum. 1995;38:64-68.

Childers JM, et al. "Chemoprevention of cervical cancer with folic acid: a Phase III Southwest Oncology Group Intergroup Study." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. March. 1995;4(2):155-159.

Mason JB. "Folate and colonic carcinogenesis: searching for a mechanistic understanding." J Nutr Biochem. April,1994;5:170-175.

Glynn SA, Albanes D. "Folate and cancer: a review of the literature." Nutr Cancer. 1994;22(2):101-119.

Giovannucci EA, et al. "Folate, methionine, and alcohol intake and risk of colorectal adenoma." J Natl Cancer Inst. June2,1993;85(11):875-881.

Lashner BA. "Red blood cell folate is associated with the development of dysplasia and cancer in ulcerative colitis." J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1993;119:549-554.

Baggott J, et al. "Effects of folate deficiency and supplementation on methylnitrosourea-induced rat mammary tumors." J Natl Cancer Inst. November18,1992;84(22):1740-1743.


Zinc

Hocke M, et al. "Oral zinc therapy in patients with supposed mild zinc deficiency-a critical review." Gastroenterol. 2001;39:83-88.

Stefanini M. "Cutaneous bleeding related to zinc deficiency in two cases of advanced cancer." Cancer. September1,1999;86(5):866-870.

Kristal AR, et al. "Vitamin and mineral supplement use is associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. October,1999;8:887-892.

Costello LC, Franklin RB. "Novel role of zinc in the regulation of prostate citrate metabolism and its implications in prostate cancer." Prostate. 1998;35:285-296.

Magalova T, et al. "Dietary intakeand serum levels of copper and zinc in breast benign and malignant diseases." Met Ions Biol Med. 1998;5:608-612.

Prasad AS, et al. "Nutritional and zinc Status of head and neck cancer patients: an interpretive review." J Am Col Nutr. 1998;17(5):409-418.

Cho CH. "Zinc: absorption and role in gastrointestinal metabolism and disorders." Digest Dis. 1991;9:49-60.

Weide M, et al. "Study of immune function of cancer patients influenced by supplemental zinc or selenium-zinc combination." Biol Trace Element Res. 1991;28(1):11-20.

Thurnham DI, et al. "Comparison of riboflavin, vitamin A, and zinc status of Chinese populations at high and low risk for esophageal cancer." Nutr Cancer. 1985;7(3):131-143.

Leake A, et al. "Subcellular distribution of zinc in the benign and malignant human prostate: evidence for a direct zinc androgen interaction." Acta Endocrinologica. 1984;105:281-288.

Thurnham DI, et al. "Riboflavin, vitamin A and zinc statusin Chinese subjects in a high-risk area for oesophageal cancer in China." Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1982;36(5):337-349.

Schrodt GR, et al. "The concentration of zinc in diseased human prostate glands." Cancer. December,1964;17(12):1555-1566.


Selenium

Kellen E, et al. "Selenium is inversely associated with bladder cancer risk: A report from the Belgian case-control study on bladder cancer." Int J Urol. 2006;13(9):1180-4.

Kim J, et al. "Changes in serum proteomic patterns by presurgical alpha-tocopherol and L-selenomethionine supplementation in prostate cancer." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(7):1697-702.

Duffield-Lillico AJ, et al. "Selenium supplementation, baseline plasma selenium status and incidence of prostate cancer: an analysis of the complete treatment period of the nutritional prevention of cancer trial." BJU Int. 2003;91:608-612.

Fernandez-Banares F, et al. "Serum selenium and risk of large size colorectal adenomas in a geographical area with a low selenium status." Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:2103-2108.

Zeegers MPA, et al. "Prediagnostic toenail selenium and risk of bladder cancer." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. November,2002;11:1292-1297.

Moyad MA. "Selenium and vitamin E supplements for prostate cancer: evidence or embellishment?" Urol. 2002;59(Suppl 4A):9-19.

Reid ME, et al. "Selenium supplementation and lung cancer incidence: an update of the nutritional prevention of cancer trial." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. November,2002;11:1285-1291.

Milde D, et al. "Serum levels of selenium, manganese, copper, and iron in colorectal cancer patients." Biol Trace Elem Res. 2001;79:107-114.

Brooks JD, et al. "Plasma selenium level before diagnosis and the risk of prostate cancer development." J Urol. December,2001;166:2034-2038.

Platz EA, Helzlsouer KJ. "Selenium, zinc, and prostate cancer." Epidemiol Rev. 2001;23(1):93-101.

Combs GF Jr. "Impact of selenium and cancer-prevention findings on the nutrition-health paradigm." Nutr Cancer. 2001;40(1):6-11.

Alaejos MS, et al. "Selenium and cancer: some nutritional aspects." Nutr. 2000;16:376-383.

Nomura AMY, et al. "Serum selenium and subsequent risk of prostate cancer." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. September,2000;9:883-887.

Jiang C, et al. "Selenium-induced inhibition of angiogenesis in mammary cancer at chemopreventive levels of intake." Mol Carcinog. 1999;26:213-225.

Yu M-W, et al. "Plasma selenium levels and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among men with chronic hepatitis virus infection." Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150(4):367-374.

Clark LC, et al. "Decreased incidence of prostate cancer with selenium supplementation: results of a double-blind cancer prevention trial." J A N A. Winter,1999;2(1):14-18.

Giovannucci EA. "Selenium and the risk of prostate cancer." Lancet. September5,1998;352:755-756.

Knekt P, et al. "Is low selenium status a risk factor for lung cancer?" Am J Epidemiol. 1998;148(10):975-982.

Foster HD. "Selenium and cancer: a geographical perspective." J Orthomol Med. 1998;13(1):8-10.

Taylor PR, Albanes D. "Selenium, vitamin E, and prostate cancer - ready for prime time?" J Natl Cancer Inst. August19,1998;90(16)1184-1185.

Yoshizawa K, et al. "Study of prediagnostic selenium level in toenails and the risk of advanced prostate cancer." J Natl Cancer Inst. August19,1998;90(16):1219-1224.

Combs GF, Gray WP. "Chemopreventive agents: selenium," Pharmcol Ther. 1998;79(3):179-192.

Cser MA, et al. "Selenium, lipid, vitamin A and E state in children suffering from solid tumors." Met Ions Biol Med. 1998;5:597-602.

Haizhong Z, et al. "The metabolism of selenium in oral cancer patients and tumor tissue after long-term selenium supplementation (preliminary results)." Met Ions Biol Med. 1998;5:613-614.

Simonoff M, et al. "Serum and erythrocyte selenium in normal and pathological states in France." Trace Elem Med. 1998;5(2):64-69.

Scieszka M, et al. "Plasma selenium concentration in patients with stomach and colon cancer in the upper Silesia." Neoplasma. 1997;44(6):395-397.

Clark LC, et al. "Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin: a randomized controlled trial." JAMA. December25,1996;276(24):1957-1963.

Clark LC. "Selenium in forage crops and cancer mortality in U.S. counties." Arch Env Health. January/February,1991;46(1):37-42.

Knekt P, et al. "Serum selenium and subsequent risk of cancer among Finnish men and women." J Natl Cancer Inst. 1990;82:864-868.

Ksrnjavi H, Beker, D. "Selenium in serum as a possible parameter for assessment of breast disease." Breast Cancer Res and Treatment. 1990;16:57-61.

Yu SY, et al. "Intervention trial in selenium for the prevention of lung cancer among tin miners in Yunnan, China." Biol Trace Element Res. 1990;24:105-108.


Calcium

Kass-Wolff JH. "Calcium in women: healthy bones and much more." JOGNN. January/February,2004;33(1):21-33.

Boyapati SM, et al. "Dietary calcium intake and breast cancer risk among Chinese women in Shanghai." Nutr Cancer. 2003;46(1):38-43.

Lamprecht SA, Lipkin M. "Chemoprevention of colon cancer by calcium, vitamin D and folate: molecular mechanisms." Cancer. August,2003;3:601-614.

Wu K, et al. "Calcium intake and risk of colon cancer in women and men." J Natl Cancer Inst. March20,2002;94(6):437-446.

Martinez ME, et al. "Calcium, vitamin D, and risk of adenoma recurrence (United States)." Cancer Causes Control. 2002;13:213-220.

Levine AJ, et al. "Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, dietary calcium intake, and distal colorectal adenoma risk." Nutr Cancer. 2001;39(1):35-41.

Rozen P, et al. "Calcium supplements interact significantly with long-term diet while suppressing rectal epithelial proliferation of adenoma patients." Cancer. February15,2001;91(4):833-840.

Rozen P, et al. "Calcium supplements interact significantly with long-term diet while suppressing rectal epithelial proliferation of adenoma patients." Cancer. February15,2001;91(4):833-840.

Yang C-Y, et al. "Calcium and magnesium in drinking water and risk of death from prostate cancer." J Toxicol Environ Health. 2000;60 (Part A):17-26.

Bonithon-Kopp C, et al. "Calcium and fibre supplementation in prevention of colorectal adenoma recurrence: a randomized intervention trial." Lancet. October14,2000;356:1300-1306.

Baron JA, et al. "Calcium supplements for the prevention of colorectal adenomas." N Engl J Med. January14,1999;340(2):101-107.

Donohue M. "Calcium-rich diet may bring multiple health gains." Fam Prac News. February15,1999;29(4):30.

Yang CY, et al. "Calcium, magnesium and nitrate in drinking water and gastric cancer mortality." Jap J Cancer Res. February,1998;89:124-130.

Bostick RM. "Human studies of calcium supplementation and colorectal epithelial cell proliferation." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. November,1997;6:971-980.

O'Sullivan K, et al. "Effect of oral calcium supplementation on colonic crypt cell proliferation in patients with adenomatous polyps of the large bowel." Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1993;5:85-89.

Wargovich MJ, et al. "Calcium supplementation decreases rectal epithelial cell proliferation in subjects with sporadic adenoma." Gastroenterol. July,1992;103:92-97.

Newmark HL, Lipkin M. "Calcium, vitamin D and colon cancer." Cancer Res. April1,1992;52:2067S-2070S.

Lipkin M, et al. "Calcium, vitamin D and colon cancer." Cancer Res. June,1991;51:3069-3070.


Supplement References


Glutathione

Valencia E, et al. "Glutathione nutritional and pharmacologic viewpoints: Part IV." Nutr. 2001;17(9):783-784.

Psathakis D, et al. "Blood selenium and glutathione peroxidase status in patients with colorectal cancer." Dis Colon Rectum. March,1998;41:328-335.

Oz F, et al. "Lipid peroxidation and glutathione levels in patients with laryngeal carcinoma." Med Sci Res. 1994;22:193-194.

Hercbergs A, et al. "Erythrocyte glutathione and tumor response to chemotherapy." Lancet. 1992;339:1074-76.

Sai K, et al. "The protective role of glutathione, cysteine and vitamin C against oxidative DNA damage induced in rat kidney by potassium bromate." Jap J Cancer Res. January,1992;83:45-51.

Kuchan MJ, Milner JA. "Influence of supplemental glutathione on selenium-mediated growth inhibition of canine mammary cells." Cancer Letters. 1991;57:181-186.

"Glutathione and Detoxification." Cancer Treatment Rev. 1990;17:203-208.


Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Larsson SC, et al. "Dietary long-chain n 3 fatty acids for the prevention of cancer: a review of potential mechanisms." Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:935-945.

Leitzmann MF, et al. "Dietary intake of n 3 and n 6 fatty acids and the risk of prostate cancer." Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:204-216.

Nkondjock A, Ghadirian P. "Intake of specific carotenoids and essential fatty acids and breast cancer risk in Montreal, Canada." Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:857-864.

Maillard V, et al. "N-3 and n-6 fatty acids in breast adipose tissue and relative risk of breast cancer in a case-control study in Tours, France." Int J Cancer. 2002;98:78-83.

Saandatian-Elahi M, et al. "Serum fatty acids and risk of breast cancer in a nested case-control study of the New York University Women's Health Study." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. November,2002;11:1353-1360.

Pala V, et al. "Erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and subsequent breast cancer: A prospective Italian study." J Natl Cancer Inst. July18,2001;93(14):1088-1095.

Colditz GA. "Changing dietary patterns and cancer prevention: alpha-linolenic acid health risks and benefits." Cancer Causes Control. 2000;11:677-678.

Chajes V, et al. "Fatty acid composition in serum phospholipids and risk of breast cancer: an incident case-control study in Sweden." Int J Cancer. 1999;83:585-590.

Klein V, et al. "Low alpha-linolenic acid content of adipose breast tissue is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer." Eur J Cancer. 2000;36:335-340.

Jaret P. "A prescription for health? olive oil isn't just good for the heart. It protects against cancer." Hippocrates. February,1999:24-25.

Bougnoux P, et al. "Polyunsaturated fatty acids and breast cancer." Lipids. 1999;34(Suppl):S99.

Bartsch H, et al. "Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and cancers of the breast and colorectum: emerging evidence for their role as risk modifiers." Carcinogenesis. 1999;20(12):2209-2218.

Heys SD, et al. "Enteral nutritional supplementation with key nutrients in patients with critical illness and cancer: a meta-Analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials." Ann Surg. 1999;229(4):467-477.

Stoll BA. "Essential fatty acids, insulin resistance, and breast cancer risk." Nutr Cancer. 1998;31(1):72-77.

Hickman MA. "Nutrition for gastrointestinal disease." Clin Tech Small Anim Pract. November,1998;13(4):211-216.

Dajani EZ. "Omega-3 fatty acids and bowel cancer." Gastroenterol. April,1993;104(4):1238-1241.

Lindner MA. "A fish oil diet inhibits colon cancer in mice." Nutr Cancer. 1991;15(1):1-11.

Kromhout D. "The importance of N-6 and N-3 fatty acids in carcinogenesis." Med Oncol and Tumor Pharmacotherapy. 1990;7(2/3);173-176.

"Effects of dietary N-3 and saturated fats on growth rates of human colonic cancer cell lines SW-620 and LS 174T in vivo in relation to tissue and plasma lipids." Anticancer Res. 1990;10:1763-1768.


Botanical References


Hosxey Formula

Brinker F. "The Hoxsey treatment: cancer quackery or effective physiological adjuvant?" J Nat Med. 1996;6(1):9-23.

Boik J. Cancer and Natural Medicine. Oregon Medical Press; Princeton, MN; 1995;113,117,157-9.

Wang LK, et al. "Inhibition of topoisomerase I function by nitidine and fagaronine." Chem Res Toxicol. November-December,1993;6:(6)813-8.

Suzuki F, et al. "Stimulation of host resistance against tumors by glycyrrhizin, an active component of licorice roots." In Vivo. 1992;6:589-96.

Wren RC. Potter's New Encyclopedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations. The CW Daniel Company LTD; Essex CB10 1JP, England; 1988;46,49,61-62,224,230,233,282.

Morita K, et al. "Chemical nature of a desmutagenic factor from burdock (Arctium lappa Linne)." Agric Biol Chem. 1985;49(4):925-32.

Morita K, et al. "A desmutagenic factor isolated from burdock (Arctium Lappa Linne)." Mutation Res. 1984;129:25-31.

Kumazawa Y, et al. "Activation of peritoneal macrophages by berberine-type alkaloids in terms of induction of cytostatic activity." Int J Immunopharmac. 1984;6(6):587-92.

Cushman M, et al. "Synthesis and biological activity of structural analogues of the anticancer benzophenanthridine alkaloid nitidine chloride." J Med Chem. April,1984;27:(4)544-7.

Bodger MF, et al. "Mitogenic proteins of pokeweed. I. Purification, characterization and mitogenic activity of two proteins from pokeweed (Phytolacca octandra)." Immunol. 1979;37:792.

Bodger MF, et al. "Mitogenic proteins of pokeweed. II. The differentiation of human peripheral blood B lymphocytes stimulated with purified pokeweed mitogens (Po-2 and Po-6) from pokeweed (Phytolacca octandra)." Immunol. 1979;37:793-99.

McPherson A. Toxic Plants. Ed. AD Kinghorn; Columbia Press; 1979.

Kupchan SM, Karim A. "Tumor inhibitors 114: Aloe emodin: antileukemic principle isolated from Rhamnus frangula." L. Lloydia, 1976;39:223-4.

Yoloyama K, et al. "Purification and biological activities of pokeweed (Phytolacca americana) mitogens." Biochem Biophys Acta. 1976;427:443-52.

Foldeak S, Dombradi GA. "Tumor-growth inhibiting substances of plant origin. Isolation of the active principle of Arctium lappa." Acta Univ Szeged, Acta Phys Chem. 1964;10:91-3.

Belkin M, et al. "Swelling and vacuolization induced in ascites tumor cells by polysaccharides from higher plants." Cancer Res. 1959;19:1050-62.

Schmitz H. "The influence of berberine on cellular metabolism." Z. Krebsforsch. 1950;57:137-41.


Glycyrrhiza

Agarwalm R, et al. "Inhibition of mouse skin tumor-initiating activity of DMBA by chronic oral feeding of glycyrrhizin in drinking water." Nutr Cancer. 1991;15(3&4):187-193.

"The augmented antiproliferative effect of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), lymphotoxin and glycyrrhizin in combined use with diethyldithiocarbamate on meth A tumor cells in vitro." Jap J Exper Med. 1990;60(2):67-71.

Shvarev IF, et al. "Effect of triterpenoid compounds from glycyrrhiza glabra on experimental tumors. Voprosy Izucheniya Ispol'zovaniy." Solodki v SSSR, Akademi Nauk SSSR; 1966;167-70.


Curcuma Longa

Wang X, et al. "Curcumin inhibits neurotensin-mediated interleukin-8 production and migration of HCT116 human colon cancer cells." Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(18):5346-55.


Other Treatment References


Smoking

Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P. "Environmental factors and risk of pancreatic cancer." Pancreatol. 2003;3:1-8.

Lissowska J, et al. "Smoking, alcohol, diet, dentition and sexual practices in the epidemiology of oral cancer in Poland." Eur J Cancer Prev. 2003;12:25-33.

Huang X-E, et al. "Effects of dietary, drinking, and smoking habits on the prognosis of gastric cancer." Nutr Cancer. 2000;38(1):30-36.

Lash TL, Aschengrau A. "Active and passive cigarette smoking and the occurrence of breast cancer." Am J Epidemiol. 1999;149(1):5-12.

Eichholzer M, et al. "Smoking, plasma vitamins C, E, retinol, and carotene and fatal prostate cancer: seventeen-year follow-up of the prospective Basel Study." Prostate. February15,1999;38:189-198.

Sasco AJ, Vainio H. "From in utero and childhood exposure to parental smoking to childhood cancer: a possible link and the need for action." Hum Exp Toxicol. 1999;18:192-201.

Iribarren C, et al. "Effect of cigar smoking on the risk of cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer in men." N Engl J Med. June10,1999;340(23):1773-1780.

Pershagen G. "Accumulating evidence on health hazards of passive smoking." Acta Paediatr. 1999;88:490-492.

Davis RM. "Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke: identifying and protecting those at risk." JAMA. December9,1998;280(22):1947-1949.

Smith HO, et al. "Cigarette smoking and cervical cancer." Female Patient. October,1992;17:48-60.

Honjo S, et al. "Cigarette smoking, alcohol use and adenomatous polyps of the sigmoid colon." Jap J Cancer Res. August,1992;83:806-811.

John EM, et al. "Prenatal exposure to parents' smoking and childhood cancer." Am J Epidemiol. 1991;133(2):123-132.

Zahm SH, et al. "Tobacco smoking as a risk factor for colon polyps." Am J Pub Health. July,1991;81(7):846-849.

Zatonski W, et al. "Tobacco, alcohol and diet in the etiology of laryngeal cancer: a population-based case-controlled study." Cancer Causes and Control. 1991;2:3-10.

Sood AK. "Cigarette smoking and cervical cancer: meta-analysis and critical review of recent studies." Am J Prev Med. 1991;7(4):208-213.

Janerich DT, et al. "Lung cancer and exposure to tobacco smoke in the household." New Eng J Med. September6,1990;323(10):632-636.

Licciardone JC, et al. "Uterine cervical cancer risk in cigarette smokers: a meta-analytic study." Am J Prev Med. 1990;6(5):274-281.


Exercise

Tehard B, et al. "Effect of physical activity on women at increased risk of breast cancer: results from the E3N cohort study." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15(1):57-64.

Colbert LH, et al. "Physical activity and risk of endometrial cancer in a prospective cohort study (United States)." Cancer Causes Control. 2003;14:559-567.

Lucia A, et al. "Cancer-related fatigue: can exercise physiology assist oncologists?" Lancet. October,2003;4:616-625.

John EM, et al. "Lifetime physical activity and breast cancer risk in a multiethnic population: the San Francisco Bay Area Breas Cancer Study." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. November,2003;12:1143-1152.

McTiernan A, et al. "Recreational physical activity and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: The Women's Health Initiative Cohort Study." JAMA. September10,2003;290(10):1331-1336.

Byers T, et al. "American Cancer Society guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy foods choices and physical activity." CA Cancer J Clin. March/April,2002;52(2):92-119.

Batty D, Thune I. "Does physical activity prevent cancer? Evidence suggests protection against colon cancer and probably breast cancer." BMJ. February,2001;1:13-14.

Hardman AE. "Physical activity and cancer risk." Proc Nutr Soc. 2001;60:107-113.

Michaud DS, et al. "Physical activity, obesity, height, and the risk of pancreatic cancer." JAMA. August 22/29,2001;286(8):921-929.

Hanley AJG, et al. "Physical activity, anthropometric factors and risk of pancreatic cancer: results from the Canadian Enhanced Cancer Surveillance System." Int J Cancer. 2001;94:140-147.

Cottreau CM, et al. "Physical activity and reduced risk of ovarian cancer." Obstet Gynecol. October,2000;96(4):609-614.

"Exercise decreases breast cancer risk." Eur J Cancer. 2000;36:683-687.

Shahady EJ. "Exercise as medication: how to motivate your patients." Consultant. November,2000:2174-2178.

Martinez ME, et al. "Physical activity, body mass index, and prostaglandin E2 levels in rectal mucosa." J Natl Cancer Inst. June2,1999;91(11):950-953.

"Breast cancer and exercise." Arch Intern Med. October,1999;159:2290-2296.

Levi F, et al. "Occupational and leisure-time physical activity and the risk of colorectal cancer." Eur J Cancer Prev. 1999;8:487-493.

Shephard RJ, Shek PN. "Physical activity and cancer." Sports Med. November,1998;26(5):294-315.

Woods JA. "Exercise and resistance to neoplasia." Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1998;76:581-588.

Slattery ML, et al. "Physical activity and colon cancer: a public health perspective." Ann Epidemiol. 1997;7:137-145.

Duncan K, et al. "Running exercise may reduce risk for lung and liver cancer by inducing activity of antioxidant and phase II enzymes." Cancer Letters. 1997;116:151-158.

Thompson HJ. "Effects of physical activity and exercise on experimentally-induced mammary carcinogenesis." Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1997;46:135-141.

Bernstein L, et al. "Physical exercise and reduced risk of breast cancer in young women." J Natl Cancer Inst. September21,1994;86(18):1403-1408.

Shephard RJ. "Exercise in the prevention and treatment of cancer: an update." Sports Med. 1993;15(4):258-280.


Stress

Lillberg K, et al. "Stressful life events and risk of breast cancer in 10,808 women: a cohort study." Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157(5):415-423.

Byrnes DM, et al. "Stressful events, pessimism, natural killer cell cytotoxicity, and cytotoxic/suppressor T cells in HIV+ black women at risk for cervical cancer." Psychosom Med. 1998;60:714-722.

Chen CC, et al. "Adverse life events and breast cancer: case-controlled study." Br Med J. December9,1995;311:1527-1530.

McAdam P. "Job stress linked to rise in colorectal cancer rate." Epidemiol. 1993;4(5);407-413.

Newell GR. "Stress and cancer: the interactions of mind and body." Prim Care Cancer. May,1991;29-30.


Cadmium

Al-Saleh I, Shinwari N. "Levels of cadmium, lead, and mercury in human brain tumors." Biol Trace Elem Res. 2001;79:197-203.

Stayner L, et al. "A dose response analysis and quantitative assessment of lung cancer risk and occupational cadmium exposure." Am J Epidemiol. May,1992;2(3):177-194.

Lamm SH, et al. "Determinants of lung cancer risk, cadmium-exposed workers." Ann Epidemiol. 1992;2:195-211.

Hoffmann L, et al. "Carcinogenic effects of cadmium on the prostate of the rat." Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1985;109:193-199.

Habib FK, et al. "Metal-androgen interrelationships in carcinoma and hyperplasia of the human prostate." J Endocr. 1976;71:133-141.


Organochlorenes

Van Maele-Fabry G, Willems JL. "Occupation related pesticide exposure and cancer of the prostate: a meta-analysis." Occup Environ Med. 2003;60:634-642.

Charlier C, et al. "Breast cancer and serum organochlorine residues." Occup Environ Med. 2003;60:348-351.

Alavanja MCR, et al. "Use of agricultural pesticides and prostate cancer risk in The Agricultural Health Study Cohort." Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157(9):800-814.

Demers A, et al. "Plasma concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls and the risk of breast cancer: a congener-specific analysis." Am J Epidemiol. 2002;155(7):629-635.

Reynolds P, et al. "Childhood cancer and agricultural pesticide use: an ecologic study in California." Environ Health Perspect. March,2002;110(3):319-324.

Ji B-T, et al. "Occupational exposure to pesticides and pancreatic cancer." Am J Indust Med. 2001;39:92-99.

Aronson KJ, et al. "Breast adipose tissue concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls and other organochlorines and breast cancer risk." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. January,2000;9:55-63.

Demers A, et al. "Risk and aggressiveness of breast cancer in relation to plasma organochlorine concentrations." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. February,2000;9:161-166.

Hoppin JA, et al. "Pancreatic cancer and serum organochlorine levels." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. February,2000;9:199-205.

Dorgan JF, et al. "Serum organochlorine pesticides and PCBs and breast cancer risk: results from a prospective analysis (USA)." Cancer Causes and Control. 1999;10:1-11.

Viel JF, et al. "Brain cancer mortality among French farmers: the vineyard pesticide hypothesis." Arch Env Health. January/February,1998;53(1):65-70.

Hooiveld M, et al. "Second follow-up of a Dutch cohort occupationally exposed to phenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols, and contaminants." Am J Epidemiol. 1998;147(9):891-901.

Dich J, Wiklund K. "Prostate cancer in pesticide applicators in Swedish agriculture." Prostate. 1998;34:100-112.

Schwartz GG, et al. "Solid waste and pancreatic cancer: an ecologic study in Florida, USA." Intl J Epidemiol. 1998;27:781-787.

Lampi P. "Cancer incidence following chlorophenol exposure in a community in southern Finland." Arch Env Health. May/June,1992;47(3):167.

Smith JG, Christophers AJ. "Phenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols: a case-controlled study on soft tissue sarcoma and malignant lymphoma." Br J Cancer. 1992;65:442-448.

Morrison HI, et al. "Herbicides and cancer." J Natl Cancer Inst. 1992;84:1866-1874.

Milne D. "Toxins play role in breast cancer: 50% to 60% higher levels of PCB's were found in women with malignant tumors." Med Trib. May7,1992;4.

Saracci R, et al. "Cancer mortality in workers exposed to chlorophenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols." Lancet. October26,1991;338:1027-1032.


Air Pollution and Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Raaschou-Nielsen O, at al. "Air pollution from traffic at the residence of children with cancer." Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153(5):433-443.

Lipsett M, Campleman S. "Occupational exposure to diesel exhaust and lung cancer: a meta-analysis," Am J Public Health. July,1999;89(7):1009-1017.

Zhong L, et al. "Lung cancer and indoor air pollution arising from Chinese-style cooking among nonsmoking women living in Shanghai, China." Epidemiol. September,1999;10(5):488-494.

Yang C-Y, et al. "Female lung cancer and petrochemical air pollution in Taiwan." Arch Environ Health. May/June,1999;54(3):180-185.

Bruske-Hohlfeld I, et al. "Lung cancer risk in male workers occupationally exposed to diesel motor emissions in germany." Am J Ind Med. 1999;36:405-414.

Christensen D. "Pollutants may pose greater danger to women." Med Trib. October8,1998:6.

"Breast cancer: environmental factors." Lancet. October10,1992;340:904.

Morris JJ, Seifter E. "The role of aromatic hydrocarbons in the genesis of breast cancer." Med Hypoth. 1992;38:177-184.


Obesity

Porter MP, Stanford JL. "Obesity and the risk of prostate cancer." Prostate. 2005;62:316-321.

Calle EE, et al. "Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults." N Engl J Med. April24,2003;348(17):1625-1638.

Rock CL, Demark-Wahnefried W. "Nutrition and survival after the diagnosis of breast cancer: a review of the evidence." J Clin Oncol. August 1. 2002;20(15);3302-3316.

Moon MA. "Reduce obesity, cut cancer risk with plant-based diet." Fam Prac News. April1,1999:25.

Caan BJ, et al. "Body size and the risk of colon cancer in a large case-control study." Intl J Obes. 1998;22:178-184.

Silverman DT, et al. "Dietary and nutritional Factors and pancreatic cancer: a case-control study based on direct interviews." J Natl Cancer Inst. November18,1998;90(22):1710-1719.

Trentham-Dietz A, et al. "Body size and risk of breast cancer." Am J Epidemiol. 1997;145(11):1011-1019.

Goodman MT, et al. "Diet, body size, physical activity, and the risk of endometrial cancer." Canc Res. November15,1997;57:5077-5085.

Huang Z, et al. "Dual effects of weight and weight gain on breast cancer risk." JAMA. November5,1997;278(17):1407-1411.

Zhang S, et al. "Breast cancer survival for postmenopausal women who are less overweight and eat less fat." Cancer. July15,1995;76(2):275-283.

Giovannucci EA, et al. "Physical activity, obesity and risk for colon cancer and adenoma in men." Ann Int Med. March1,1995;122(5):327-334.

Bayerdorffer E, et al. "Increased risk of 'high-risk' colorectal adenomas in overweight men." Gastroenterol. 1993;104:137-144.

Schapira DB, et al. "Abdominal obesity and breast cancer risk." Ann Int Med. February1,1990;112(3):182-186.


Air Travel

Whelan EA. "Cancer incidence in airline cabin crew." Occup Environ Med. 2003;60:805-806.

Rafnsson V, et al. "Breast cancer risk in airline cabin attendants: a nested case-control study in Iceland." Occup Environ Med. 2003;60:807-809.


Thyroid Function

Strain JJ, et al. "Thyroid hormones and selenium status in breast cancer." Nutr and Cancer. 1997;27(1):48-52.


Iron

Weinberg ED. "Iron therapy and cancer." Kidney Intl. 1999;55(Suppl.69):S131-S134.

Weinberg ED. "The development of awareness of the carcinogenic hazard of inhaled iron." Oncol Res. 1999.

Weinberg ED. "Iron loading and disease surveillance." Emerg Infect Dis. May-June,1999;5(3):346-352.

"Iron supplements and breast cancer." Am Inst For Cancer Res Newsletter. Winter,1993;38:8.

Reizenstein P. "Iron, free radicals and cancer." Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacol. 1991;8(4):229-233.


Electromagnetic Fields

Muscat JE, et al. "Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer." JAMA. December 20. 2000;284(23):3001-3007.

Caplan LS, et al. "Breast cancer and electromagnetic fields - a review." Ann Epidemiol. January,2000;10(1):31-44.

Zheng T, et al. "Exposure to electromagnetic fields from use of electric blankets and other in-home electrical appliances and breast cancer risk." Am J Epidemiol. 2000;151(11):1103-1111.

Feychting M, et al. "Magnetic fields and breast cancer in Swedish adults residing near high-voltage power lines." Epidemiol. July,1998;9(4):392-397.

Milham S. "Increased incidence of cancer in a cohort of office workers exposed to strong magnetic fields." Am J Indust Med. 1996;30:702-704.

Tynes T. "Electromagnetic fields and male breast cancer." Biomed Pharmacotherapy. 1993;47:425-427.

Reiter RJ. "Electromagnetic fields and melatonin production." Biomed Pharmacotherapy. 1993;47:439-444.

Stevens RG, et al. "Electric power, pineal function and the risk of breast cancer." FASEB J. February,1992;6(853-860).

Stevens RG. "Electric power and breast cancer." FASEB J. August,1992;6:3016-3017.

Demers PA, et al. "Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields and breast cancer in men." Am J Epidemiol. 1991;134(4):340-347.

Vena JE, et al. "Use of electric blankets and the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer." Am J Pub Health. 1991;134(2):180-185.

Vena JE, et al. "Electric blankets appear to increase risk of breast cancer." AFP, October,1990;1065.


Antibiotics

Velicer CM, et al. "Antibiotic use in relation to the risk of breast cancer." JAMA. February18,2004;291(7):827-35


Vasectomy

Giovannucci EA, et al. "A retrospective cohort study of vasectomy and prostate cancer in U.S. Men." JAMA. February 17, 1993;269(7):878-882.

Hayes RB, et al. "Vasectomy and prostate cancer in U.S. blacks and whites." Am J Epidemiol. February1,1993;137(3):263-269.

Mettlin C, et al. "Vasectomy and prostate cancer risk." Am J Epidemiol. 1990;132(6):1056-1061.

Copyright 1998 - 2008 by L. Vicky Crouse, ND and James S. Reiley, ND. All rights reserved (ISSN 1527-0661).