Food Allergies
Ventura A, et al. "Duration of exposure to gluten and risk for autoimmune disorders in patients with celiac disease." Gastroenterol. 1999;117:297-303.
Riordan A.M., et al, "Treatment of active Crohn's disease by exclusion diet: East Anglian multicenter controlled trial." Lancet. 1993;November6,342:1131-1134.
Pearson M, et al. "Food intolerance and Crohn's disease." Gut. 1993;34:783-787.
Workman EM, et al. "Diet in the management of Crohn's disease." Human Nutr: Applied Nutr. 1984;38A:469-473.
Jewell DP, Truelove SC. "Circulating antibodies to cow's milk proteins in ulcerative colitis." Gut. 1972;13:796-801.
Fast Food, Sugar
Miki K, et al. "The sugar permeability test reflects disease activity in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease." J Pediatr. December,1998;133(6):750-754.
Reif S, et al. "Pre-illness dietary factors in inflammatory bowel disease." Gut. 1997;40:754-760.
Tragnone A, et al. "Dietary habits as risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease." Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. January,1995;7(1):47-51.
Persson P-G, et al. "Diet and inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study." Epidemiol. January,1992;3(1):47-52.
"Fast food and sugar linked to Crohn's disease." Med Trib. February 27,1992:12.
Kruis W, et al. "Influence of diets high and low in refined sugar on stool qualities, gastrointestinal transit time and fecal bile acid excretion." Gastroenterol. May,1987;92(5 part II):1483.
Mayberry JF, Rhodes J. "Epidemiological aspects of Crohn's disease: a review of the literature." Gut. 1984;25:886-899.
Jarnerot G, et al. "Consumption of refined sugar by patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, or irritable bowel syndrome." Scand J Gastroenterol. 1983;18:999-1002.
Penny WJ, et al. "Relationship between trace elements, sugar consumption, and taste in crohn's disease." Gut. 1983;24:288-292.
Jarnerot G, et al. "Consumption of refined sugar by patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, or irritable bowel syndrome." Scand J Gastroenterol. 1983;18:999-1002.
Brandes JW, Lorenz-Meyer HZ. "Sugar-free diet: a new perspective in the treatment of Crohn's disease? randomized, control study." Gastroenterol. January,1981;19(1):1-12.
Elemental Diet
Ruemmele FM, et al. "Nutrition as primary therapy in pediatric Crohn's disease: fact or fantasy?" J Pediatr. March,2000;136(3):285-291.
Zoli G, et al. "A randomized controlled study comparing elemental diet and steroid treatment in Crohn's disease." Aliment Pharmacol Ther. August,1997;11(4):735-740.
Meryn S. "Role of nutrition in acute and long-term therapy of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases." Wien Klin Wochenschr. November21,1986;98(22):774-779.
Morain CO, et al. "Elemental diet as primary treatment of acute Crohn's disease: A controlled trial." Br Med J. 1984;288:1859-62.
High Fat Diet
Bamba T, et al. "Dietary fat attenuates the benefits of an elemental diet in active Crohn's disease: a randomized, controlled trial." Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;15(2):151-157.
Todemneth IH, et al. "Nutritional aspects of inflammatory bowel disease." Ann Rev Nutr. 1985;5:463-84.
Fiber
Heaton KW, et al. "Treatment of Crohn's disease with an unrefined-carbohydrate, fiber-rich diet." Br Med J. 1979;279:764-6.
Thornton JR, et al. "Diet and Crohn's disease: characteristics of the pre-illness diet." BMJ. September29,1979;2:762-764.
Vegetable Broth
Golan R. Optimal Wellness. Ballantine Books; NY, NY; 1995:356.
Caffeine and Alcohol
Balch JF, et al. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 2nd ed. Avery Publication; NY, NY; 1997:148.
Vitamin A
Janczewska I, et al. "Metabolism in vitamin A and inflammatory bowel disease." Hepato-Gastroenterol. 1991;38:391-395.
Schoelmerich J, et al. "Zinc and vitamin A deficiency in patients with Crohn's disease is correlated with activity but not with localization or extent of the disease." Hepato-gastroenterol. 1985;32:34-38.
Dvorak AM. "Vitamin A in Crohn's disease." Lancet. June14,1980:1303-1304.
Skogh M, et al. "Vitamin A in Crohn's disease." Lancet. April5,1980:766.
Vitamin A, Vitamin E, B-Vitamins
Saibeni S, et al. "Low vitamin B6 plasma levels, a risk factor for thrombosis, in inflammatory bowel disease: role of inflammation and correlation with acute phase reactants." Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98(1):112-117.
Bousvaros A, et al. "Vitamins A and E serum levels in children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease: effect of disease activity." J Ped Gastroenterol Nutr. February1998;26(2):129-135.
Kuroki F, et al. "Multiple vitamin status in Crohn's disease: Correlation with disease activity." Dig Disea and Sci. 1993;September,38(9):1614-1618.
Rosenberg IH, et al. "Nutritional aspects of inflammatory bowel disease." Ann Rev Nutr. 1985;5:463-484.
Vitamin B12
Dharmarajan TS, et al. "Vitamin B12 deficiency: recognizing subtle symptoms in older adults." Geriatrics. March,2003;58(3):30-38.
Rath HC, et al. "Nutritional deficiencies and complications in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases." Med Klin. January15,1998;93(1):6-10.
Barton R. "Three fifths of patients with Crohn's disease that has not been operated on have vitamin B12 malabsorption." BMJ. May 24. 1997;314:1552.
Delpre G, et al. "Sublingual therapy for cobalamin deficiency as an alternative to oral and parenteral cobalamin supplementation." Lancet. August28,1999;354:740-741.
Marniemi J, et al. "Blood vitamins, mineral elements and inflammation markers as risk factors of vascular and non-vascular disease mortality in an elderly population." Intl J Epidemiol. 1998;27:799-807.
Barton R. "Three fifths of patients with Crohn's disease that has not been operated on have vitamin B12 malabsorption." BMJ. May24,1997;314:1552.
Behrend C, et al. "Vitamin B12 absorption after ileorectal anastomosis for crohn's disease: effect of ileal resection and time span after surgery." Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. May,1995;7(5):397-400.
Elsborg L. "Vitamin B12 and folic acid in Crohn's disease." Dan Med Bull. December,1982;29(7):362-365.
Vitamin C
Akobeng AK, et al. "Effect of exclusive enteral nutritional treatment on plasma antioxidant concentrations in childhood Crohn's disease." Clin Nutr. Dec9,2006.
Trebble TM, et al. "Fish oil and antioxidants alter the composition and function of circulating mononuclear cells in Crohn disease." Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:1137-1144.
Koch TR, et al. "Total antioxidant capacity is reduced in Crohn's disease." Nutr Res. 2002;22:825-833.
Wendland BE, et al. "Lipid peroxidation and plasma antioxidant micronutrients in Crohn disease." Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:259-264.
Reimund J-M, et al. "Antioxidant and immune status in active Crohn's disease - a possible relationship." Clin Nutr. 2000;19(1):43-48.
Levy E, et al. "Altered lipid profile, lipoprotein composition, and oxidant and antioxidant status in pediatric Crohn disease." Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71:807-815.
Reimund JM, et al. "Antioxidants inhibit the in vitro production of inflammatory cytokines in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis." Eur J Clin Investig. 1998;28:145-150.
Buffinton GD, Doe WF. "Altered ascorbic acid status in the mucosa from inflammatory bowel disease patients." Free Rad Res. 1995;22(2):131-143.
Pettit SH, Irving MH. "Does local intestinal ascorbate deficiency predispose to fistula formation in Crohn's disease." Dis Colon Rectum. July 1987;30(7)552-557.
Linaker BD. "Scurvy and vitamin C deficiency in Crohn's disease." Postgrad Med J. January,1979;55:26-29.
Hughes RG, Williams N. "Leukocyte ascorbic acid in Crohn's disease." Digestion. 1978;17:272-274.
Gerson CD, et al. "Ascorbic acid deficiency and fistula formation in regional enteritis." Gastroenterol. 1974;67:428.
Hodges RE, et al. "Clinical manifestations of ascorbic acid deficiency in man." Am J Clin Nutr. April,1971;24:432-443.
Vitamin D
Pappa HM, et al. "Vitamin D status in children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease." Pediatrics. 2006;118(5):1950-61.
Siffledeen JS, et al. "The frequency of vitamin D deficiency in adults with Crohn's disease." Can J Gastroenterol. August,2003;17(8):473-478.
Sentongo TA, et al. "Vitamin D status in children, adolescents, and young adults with Crohn disease." Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:1077-1081.
Schoon EJ, et al. "Abnormal bone turnover in long-standing Crohn's disease in remission." Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001;15:783-792.
Vogelsang H, et al. "Prevention of bone mineral loss in patients with Crohn's disease by long-term oral vitamin D supplementation." Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. July,1995;7(7):609-614.
Leichtmann GA, et al. "Intestinal absorption of cholecalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in patients with both crohn's disease and intestinal resection." Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54:548-552.
Harries AD, et al. "Vitamin d status in crohn's disease: association with nutrition and disease activity." Gut. 1985;26:1197-1203.
Dibble JB, et al. "A survey of vitamin D deficiency in gastrointestinal and liver disorders." Quarterly J Med. Winter,1984;209:119-134.
Driscoll RH, et al. "Vitamin D deficiency and bone disease in patients with Crohn's disease." Gastroenterol. December,1982;83:1252-1258.
Folate
Chowers Y, et al. "Increased levels of homocysteine in patients with Crohn's disease are related to folate levels." Am J Gastroenterol. December,2000;95(12):3498-3502.
Rath HC, et al. "Nutritional deficiencies and complications in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases." Med Klin. January15,1998;93(1):6-10.
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Lossos A, et al. "Peripheral neuropathy and folate deficiency as the first sign of Crohn's disease." J Clin Gastroenterol. August,1991;13(4):442-444.
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Imes S, et al. "Iron, folate, vitamin B-12, zinc, and copper status in outpatients with Crohn's disease: effect of diet counseling." J Am Diet Assoc. July,1987;87(7):928-930.
Hodges P, et al. "Vitamin and iron intake in patients with Crohn's disease." J Am Diet Assoc. 1984;84(1):52-8.
Elsborg L, Larsen L. "Folate deficiency in chronic inflammatory bowel disease." Scand J Gastroenterol. 1979;14:1019-24.
Zinc
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Hendricks KM, et al. "Dietary intake of adolescents with Crohn's disease." J Am Diet Assoc. April,1994;94(4):441-444.
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Terwolbeck K, et al. "Zinc in lymphocytes-the assessment of zinc status in patients with Crohn's disease." J Trace Element, Electrolytes, Health and Dis. 1992;6(2):117-121.
Nakamura T, et al. "Zinc clearance correlates with clinical severity of Crohn's disease: a kinetic study." Dig Dis Sci. December,1988;33(12):1520-1524.
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Ainley CC, et al. "Zinc status in inflammatory bowel disease." Clin Sci. 1988;75:277-283.
Schoelmerich J, et al. "Zinc and vitamin A deficiency in patients with Crohn's disease is correlated with activity but not with localization or extent of the disease." Hepato-gastroenterol. 1985;32:34-38.
Kruis W, et al. "Zinc deficiency as a problem in patients with Crohn's disease and fistula formation." Hepato-gastroenterol. 1985;32:133-134.
McClain CJ, et al. "Zinc-deficiency-induced retinal dysfunction in Crohn's disease." Dig Dis Sci. January,1983;28(1):85-87.
Main ANH, et al. "Clinical experience of zinc supplementation during intravenous nutrition in Crohn's disease: value of serum and urine zinc measurements." Gut. 1982;23:984-991.
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Tasman-Jones C. "Zinc deficiency states." Adv Intern Med. 1980;26:97-114.
Selenium
Ringstad J, et al. "Serum selenium, copper, and zinc concentrations in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis." Scand J Gastroenterol. 1993;28:605-608.
Rannem T, et al. "Selenium status in patients with Crohn's disease." Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;56:933-7.
Penny WJ, et al. "Relationship between trace elements, sugar consumption, and taste in Crohn's disease." Gut. 1983;24:288-292.
Magnesium
Galland L. "Magnesium and inflammatory bowel disease." Magnesium. 1988;7:78-83.
Rosenberg IH, et al. "Nutritional aspects of inflammatory bowel disease." Ann Rev Nutr. 1985;5:463-84.
LaSala MA, et al. "Magnesium metabolism studies in children with chronic inflammatory disease of the bowel." J Ped Gastroenterol Nutr. 1985;4:75-81.
Nyhlin H, et al. "Magnesium in Crohn's disease." Acta Med Scand (supplement). 1982;661:21-5.
Quercetin
Stefanini, et al. "Efficacy of oral disodium cromoglycate in patients with IBS and positive skin tests to foods." Lancet. 1986;1:207-8.
Havsteen B. "Flavonoids, a class of natural produts of high pharmacological potency." Biochem Pharmacol. 1983;32:1141-48.
Yoshimoto T, et al. "Flavonoids: Potent inhibitors of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase." Biochem Biophys Res Common. 1983;116:612-18.
Petrakis PL, et al. "Metabolic studies ofquercetin labeled with C14." Arch Biochem Biophys. 1959; 85:264-67.
Acidophilus and Bifidus
Braat H, et al. "Lactobacillus rhamnosus induces peripheral hyporesponsiveness in stimulated CD4+ T cells via modulation of dendritic cell function." Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:1618-1625.
Fedorak RN, Madsen KL. "Probiotics and prebiotics in gastrointestinal disorders." Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2004;20:146-155.
Kwon JH, Farrell RJ. "Probiotics and inflammatory bowel disease." Biodrugs. 2003;17(3):179-186.
Prantera C, et al. "Ineffectiveness of probiotics in preventing recurrence after curative resection for Crohn's disease: a randomised controlled trial with lactobacillus gg." Gut. 2002;51:405-409.
Swidsinski A, et al. "Mucosal flora in inflammatory bowel disease." Gastroenterol. January,2002;122(1):44-54.
Chermesh I, liakim R. "Probiotics - scope and promise in inflammatory bowel disease." EIMAJ. May,2002;4:353-356.
Marteau PR, et al. "Protection from gastrointestinal diseases with the use of probiotics." J. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73(Suppl.):430S-436S.
O' Sullivan GC. "Probiotics." Br J Surg. 2001;88:161-162.
Madsen KL. "The use of probiotics in gastrointestinal disease." Can J Gastroenterol. December,2001;15(12):817-822.
Hamilton-Miller JMT. "A review of clinical trials of probiotics in the management of inflammatory bowel disease." Infect Dis Rev. 2001;3(2):83-87.
Gupta P. "Is lactobacillus GG helpful in children with Crohn's disease? Results of a preliminary, open-label study." J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. October,2000;31(4):453-457.
Favier C, et al. "Fecal Beta-D-galactosidase production and bifidobacteria are decreased in Crohn's disease." Digest Dis Sci. April,1997;42(4):817-822.
Malin M, et al. "Promotion of IgA immune response in patients with crohn's disease by oral bacteriotherapy with lactobacillus GG." Ann Nutr Metab. 1996;40:137-145.
Giaffer MH, et al. "The assessment of faecal flora in patients with inflammatory bowel disease by a simplified bacteriological technique." J Med Microbiol. 1991;35:238-243.
Hentges DJ. Human Intestinal Microflora in Health and Disease. Academic Press; NY, NY; 1983.
Keighley MRB, et al. "Influence of inflammatory bowel disease on intestinal microflora." Gut. 1978;19:1099-1104.
Omega 3 Fatty Acids
Nielsen AA, et al. "Omega-3 fatty acids inhibit an increase of proinflammatory cytokines in patients with active Crohn's disease compared with omega-6 fatty acids." Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22(11-12):1121-8.
Cashman KD, Shanahan F. "Is nutrition an aetiological factor for inflammatory bowel disease?" Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;15(6):606-613.
Simopoulos AP. "Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases." J Am Coll Nutr. 2002;21(6):495-505.
Simopoulos AP. "Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease." Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70(Suppl.):560S-569S.
Grimble RF. "Dietary lipids and the inflammatory response." Proc Nutr Soc. 1998;57:535-542.
Kim Y. "Can fish oil maintain Crohn's disease in remission?" Nutr Reviews. August, 1996;54(8):248-257.
Belluzzi A, et al. "Effect of an enteric-coated fish-oil preparation on relapses in Crohn's disease." N Eng J Med. June 13, 1996;334(24):1557-60.
Siguel EN, Lerman RH. "Prevalence of essential fatty acid deficiency in patients with chronic gastrointestinal disorders." Metabolism. 1996;45(1):12-23.
Belluzzi A, et al. "Effects of new fish oil derivative on fatty acid phospholipid-membrane pattern in a group of Crohn's disease patients." Dig Dis Sci. December,1994;39(12):2589-2594.
Mate J, et al. "Does dietary fish oilmaintain the remission of Crohn's disease (CD): a study case control." Gastroenterol. 1991;100(5 part 2):A228.
Kuroki F, et al. "Serum n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are depleted in Crohn's disease." Dig Dis Sci. June,1977;42(6):1137-1141.
Fiber
Levi AJ. "Diet in the management of Crohn's disease." Gut. 1985;26:985-8.
Fructooligosaccharides
Lindsay JO, et al. "Clinical, microbiological, and immunological effects of fructo-oligosaccharide in patients with Crohn's disease." Gut. 2006;55(3):348-55.
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Althea officinalis
Delaveau I, et al. Planta Medica. 1980;40:49.
Lawrence Review of Natural Products: Althea officinalis. December 1991.
Echinacea angustifolia
Balch JF, et al. Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 2nd ed. Avery Publication; NY, NY; 1997:148.
Lawrence Review of Natural Products: Echinacea. January 1990.
Stimpel, et al. "Macrophage activation and induction of macrophage cytotoxicity by purified polysaccharide fractions from the plant Echinacea purpurea." Inf and Immun. 1984;Dec: 845-849.
Curcuma longa
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Ammon and Wahl. "Pharmacology of Curcuma longa." Planta Medica. 1991;57:1-7.
Satoskar, et al. "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory property of Curcumin in patients with postoperative inflammation." Intr J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1986;12:65,1-2.
Chadra and Gupta. "Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of volatile oil of Curcuma longa." Ind J Med Res. 1972;60:138-142.
Ulmus fulva, Geranium maculatum, Hydrastis canadensis
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Antibiotics, Lactobacillus
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Robinson RJ, et al. "Effect of a low-impact exercise program on bone mineral density in Crohn's disease: a randomized controlled trial," Gastroenterol. 1998;115:36-41.
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Smoking
Bustamante M, et al. "Relationship between smoking and colonic involvement in inflammatory bowel disease." Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 1998;90(12):837-840.
Cottone M, et al. "Smoking habits and recurrence in Crohn's disease." Gastroenterol. March,1994;106(3):643-648.
Intestinal permeability
Hollander D. "Intestinal permeability in patients with Crohn's disease and their relatives." Dig Liver Dis. November,2001;33(8):649-651.
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