Vitamin B12

Haggarty P, et al. "Effect of B vitamins and genetics on success of in-vitro fertilisation: prospective cohort study." Lancet. 2006;367(9521):1513-1519.

Bennett M. "Vitamin B12 deficiency, infertility and recurrent fetal loss." J Reprod Med. March,2001;46(3):209-212.

Sanfilippo JS, Liu YK. "Vitamin B12 deficiency and infertility: report of a case." Intl J Fertility. 1991;36(1);36-38.

Gulden KD. "Pernicious anemia, vitiligo, and infertility." J Am Board Fam Pract. July-September,1990;3(3):217-220.

Marty H. "Pernicious anemia as a cause of secondary sterility." Schweiz Med Wschr. 1984;114(5):178-179.

Folate

Ebisch IMW, et al. "C677T methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism interferes with the effects of folic acid and zinc sulfate on sperm concentration." Fertil Steril. November,2003;80(5):1190-1194.

Dawson DW, Sawers AH. "Infertility and folate deficiency. case reports." Br J Obstet Gynaecol. August,1982;89:678-680.

Vitamin C

Song GJ, et al. "Relationship between seminal ascorbic acid and sperm DNA integrity in infertile men." Int J Androl. 2006;29(6): 569-75.

Sheweita SA, et al. "Mechanisms of male infertility: role of antioxidants." Curr Drug Metab. 2005;6(5):495-501.

Agarwal A, Allamaneni SSR. "Role of free radicals in female reproductive diseases and assisted reproduction." Reprod Biomed Online. 2004;9(3):338-347.

Arbone MC, et al. "Antioxidant enzymatic defenses in human follicular fluid: characterization and age-dependent changes." Mol Hum Repro. 2003;9(11):639-643.

Geva E, et al. "Free radicals, antioxidants and human spermatozoa: clinical implications." Hum Reprod. June,1998;13(6):1422-1424.

Lewis SEM, et al. "Comparison of individual antioxidants of sperm and seminal plasma in fertile and infertile men." Fertil Steril. January,1997;67(1):142-147.

Palan P, Naz R. "Changes in various antioxidant levels in human seminal plasma related to immunoinfertility." Arch Androl. 1996;3612:139-143.

Sanocka, et al. "Oxidative stress in male infertility." J Androl. July/August,1996;17(4):449-454.

Sikka SC, et al. "Role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in male infertility." J Androl. November/December,1995;16(6):464-468.

Luck MR, et al. "Ascorbic acid and fertility" Biol Repro. 1995;52:262-266.

Dawson EB, et al. "Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on the sperm quality of smokers" Fertility Sterility. November,1992;58(5):1034-1039.

Millar, et al. "Vitamin C - the primate fertility factor?" Med Hypoth. 1992;38:292-295.

Fraga, et al. "Ascorbic acid protects against endogenous oxidative DNA damage in human sperm." Proc Nat Acad Sci. December,1991;88:11003-11006.

Dawson EB, et al. "Relationship between ascorbic acid and male fertility." World Rev Nutr Diet. 1990;62:1-26.

Abel BJ, et al. "Randomised trial of clomiphene citrate treatment and vitamin C for male infertility." Br J Urol. 1982;54:780-784.

Igarashi M. "Augmentative effect of ascorbic acid upon induction of human ovulation in clomiphene-ineffective anovulatory women." Int J Fertil. 1977;22:168-173.

Vitmain E

Keskes-Ammar L, et al. "Sperm oxidative stress and the effect of an oral vitamin E and selenium supplement on semen quality in infertile men." Arch Androl. 2003;49:83-94.

Campbell MH, Miller JK. "Effect of supplemental dietary vitamin E and zinc on reproductive performance of dairy cows and heifers fed excess iron." J Dairy Sci. 1998;81(10):2693-2699.

Lehr H-A, et al. "Vitamin E: focus on microcirculation." Microcirc. 1998;5:117-128.

Therond P, et al. "Alpha-tocopherol in human spermatozoa and seminal plasma: relationships with motility, antioxidant enzymes and leukocytes." Mol Hum Reprod. 1996;2(10):739-744.

Geva E, et al. "The effect of antioxidant treatment on human spermatozoa and fertilization rate in an in vitro fertilization program." Fertil Steril. September,1996;66(3):430-434.

Suleiman SA, et al. "Lipid peroxidation and human sperm motility: protective role of vitamin E." J Androl. September/October,1996;17(5):530-537.

Long P. "Vitamin E, should you believe in it?, Here's all you need to know" Hippocrates. November/December,1994;46-53.

Makinde KA, Adedeji OO. "Comparative study of vitamin E levels of Nigerian men and age-matched fertile and infertile women." J Nutr Med. 1994;4:39-42.

Lomniski, et al. "The effect of dietary vitamin E and beta-carotene on oxidation processes in the rat testis." Biochemica Biophysica ACTA. 1991;1082:101-107.

Bayer R. "Treatment of infertility with vitamin E." Intl J Fertil. January-March,1960;5(1):70-78.

Selenium

Beckett GJ, Arthur JR. "Selenium and endocrine Systems." J Endocrinol. 2005;184:455-465.

Keskes-Ammar L, et al. "Sperm oxidative stress and the effect of an oral vitamin E and selenium supplement on semen quality in infertile men." Arch Androl. 2003;49:83-94.

Hansen JC, Deguchi Y. "Selenium and fertility in animals and man -a review." Acta Vet Scand. 1996;37(1):19-30.

Vezina GB, et al. "Selenium-vitamin E supplementation in infertile men: effects on semen parameters and micronutrient levels and distribution." Biol Trace Elem Res. 1996;53:65-83.

Krsnjavi H, et al. "Selenium and fertility in men." Trace Elem Med. 1992;9(2):107-108.

Watanabe T, Endo A. "Effects of selenium deficiency on sperm morphology and spermatocyte chromosomes in mice." Mutation Res. 1991;262:93-99.

Schrauzer GN. "Benefits of natural selenium." Anabol. 1988;7(4):5.

Saaranen M, et al. "Lead, magnesium, selenium and zinc in human seminal fluid: comparison with semen parameters and fertility." Hum Reprod. 1987;2(6):475-79.

Iron

Rushton DH, et al. "Ferritin and fertility." Letter. Lancet.1991;337:1554.

Zinc

Ebisch IMW, et al. "C677t methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism interferes with the effects of folic acid and zinc sulfate on sperm concentration." Fertil Steril. November,2003;80(5):1190-1194.

Verma A, Kanwar KC. "Trace elements in the seminal plasma of normospermic, oligospermic and azoospermic males." Trace Elem Elect. 1999;16(3):135-136.

Sorensen MB, et al. "Zinc, magnesium and calcium in human seminal fluid: relations to other semen parameters and fertility." Mol Hum Reprod. 1999;5(4):331-337.

Mohan H, et al. "Inter-relationship of zinc levels in serum and semen in oligospermic infertile patients and fertile males." Indian J Pathol Microbiol. October,1997;40(4):451-455.

Bedwal. R. "Zinc. copper and selenium in reproduction." Experientia. July,1994;50:626-640.

Jameson S. "Zinc status in pregnancy: the effect of zinc therapy on perinatal mortality, prematurity, and placental ablation." J NY Acad Sci. 1993;1-15.

Favier AE. "The role of zinc in reproduction: hormonal mechanisms." Biol Trace Elem Res. 1992;32:363-382.

Hunt CD, et al. "Effects of dietary zinc depletion on seminal volume and zinc loss, serum testosterone concentrations and sperm morphology in young men." Am Clin Nutr. 1992;56:148-157.

Apgar J. "Zinc and reproduction: an update." J Nutr Biochem. 1992;3:266-278.

Tikkiwai M, et al. "Effect of zinc administration on seminal zinc and fertility of oligospermic males." Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. January-March,1987;31(1):30-34.

Abbasi AA, et al. "Experimental zinc deficiency in man: effect on testicular function." J Lab Clin Med. September,1980;96(3):544-550.

Skandhan KP, et al. "Semen electrolytes in normal and infertile subjects. II. Zinc." Experiencia. November15, 1978;34(11):1476-1477.

Marmar JL, et al. "Semen zinc levels in infertile and postvasectomy patients and patients with prostatitis." Fertil Steril. November,1975;26(11):1057-1063.

Copper

Wikse SE, et al. "Diagnosis of copper deficiency in cattle." J Am Veterinary Med Assoc. June1,1992;200(11):1625-1629.

Jockenhovel EN, et al. "Seminal lead and copper in fertile and infertile men." Andrologia. 1990;22:503-511.

Melatonin

Young KA, Nelson RJ. "Mediation of seasonal testicular regression by apoptosis." Reprod.2001;122:677.

Malpaux B, et al. "Biology of mammalian photoperiodism and the critical role of the pineal gland and melatonin." J of Bio Rhyt.2001; 16:336.

Gavella M, Lipovac V. "Antioxidative effect of melatonin on human spermatozoa." Arch Androl. 2000;44:23-27.

Reiter RJ. "Melatonin and human reproduction." Ann of Med.1998; 30:103.

Lehman MN, et al. "The GnRH system of seasonal breeders: anatomy and plasticity." Brain Res Bull.1997; 44:445.

Wehr TA. "Melatonin and seasonal rhythms." J of Bio Rhy.1997; 12:518.

Moore RY. "Circadian rhythms: basic neurobiology and clinical applications." Ann Rev of Med.1997; 48:253.

Nelson RJ, Demas GE. "Role of melatonin in mediating seasonal energetic and immunologic adaptations." Brain Resear Bull.1997; 44:423.

Matthews CD, et al. "Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: seasonal breeding in the sheep." J of Pin Resear.1993; 14:105.

Williams LM, Helliwell RJA. "Melatonin and seasonality in the sheep." Ani Repro Sci.1993; 33:159.

Bartke A, Steger RW. Seasonal changes in the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in the Syrian hamster. Proceedings of the Soc for Experi Bio & Med.1992;199:139.

D'Occhio MJ, Suttie JM. "The role of the pineal gland and melatonin in reproduction in male domestic ruminants." Anim Reprod Sci.1992; 30:135.

Kennaway DJ, Hugel HM. Mechanisms of action of melatonin within the central nervous system. Anim Reprod Sci.1992; 30:45.

Setchell BP. "Domestication and reproduction." Anim Repro Sci.1992; 28:195.

Steinlechner S, Niklowitz P. :Impact of photoperiod and melatonin on reproduction in small mammals." Ani Repro Sci.1992; 30:1.

Turek FW. "Biological rhythms in reproductive processes." Horm Rese Suppl.1992; 37(3):93.

Stumpf WE, Denny ME. "Vitamin D (soltriol), light, and reproduction." Am J of Ob & Gyn.1989; 161:1375.

Bronson F. "Mammalian reproductive strategies: genes, photoperiod and latitude." Reprod, Nutr, Devel.1988;28:335.

Sharpe DC. "Transition into the breeding season: clues to the mechanisms of seasonality." Equi Vet J.1988; 20:159.

Alleva JJ. "The biological clock and pineal gland. How they control seasonal fertility in the golden hamster." Pineal Res Rev.1987;5:95.

L-Carnitine

Lenzi A, et al. "A placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial of the use of combined L-carnitine and L-acetyl-carnitine treatment in men With asthenozoospermia." Fertil Steril. June,2004;81(6):1578-1584.

Lenzi A, et al. "Use of carnitine therapy in selected cases of male factor infertility: a double-blind crossover trial." Fertil Steril. February,2003;79(2):292-300.

Vitali G, et al. "Carnitine supplementation in human idiopathic asthenospermia: clinical results." Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1995;21(4):157-159.

Micic SR, et al. "Seminal carnitine and glucosidase in oligospermic and azoospermic men" J Androl. 1994;15:77(Suppl.).

Costa M, et al. "L-carnitine in idiopathic asthenozoospermia: a multi-center study" Andrologia. 1994;26:155-159.

Jeulin C, et al. "Acetylcarnitine and spermatozoa: relationship with epididymal maturation and motility in the boar and man." Reprod Nutr Dev. 1988;28(5)1317-1327.

Arginine

Mendez JD, et al. "Effect of L-arginine and polyamines on sperm motility." Ginecol Obstet Mex. August,1993;61:229-234.

De Aloysio D, et al. "The clinical use of arginine aspartate in male infertility." Clinical Use of Arginine Aspartate. 133-167.

Papp G, et al. "The role of basic amino acids of the seminal plasma in fertility." Int Urol Nephrol. 1983;15(2):195-201.

De Aloysio D, et al. "The clinical use of arginine aspartate in male infertility." Acta Eur Fertil. 1982;13(3):133-67.

Pryor JP, et al. "Controlled clinical trial of arginine for infertile men with oligozoospermia." Br J Urol. 1978;50:47-50.

Keller DW, Polakoski KL. "L-arginine stimulation of human sperm motility in vitro." Biol. Reprod. 1975;13:154-57.

Schachter A, et al. "Treatment of oligospermia with the amino acid arginine." J Urol.1973;110(3):311-13.

Mroueh A. "Effect of arginine on oligospermia." Fertil Steril. March,1970;21(3):217-219.

Tanimura J. "Studies on arginine in human semen: Part II. The effects of medication with L-arginine-hcl on male infertility." Bull Osaka Med School. 1967;13:84-89.

Tanimura J. "Studies on arginine in human semen: Part III. The influences of several drugs on male infertility." Bull Osaka Med School. 1967;12:90-100.

Glutathione

Lenzi A, et al. "A rationale for glutathione therapy." Hum Reprod. June,1998;13(6):1419-1422.

Irvine DS. "Glutathione as a treatment for male infertility." Rev Reprod. January 1996;1(1):6-12.

Lenzi, et al. "Placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial of glutathione therapy in male infertility" Hum Repro. 1993;8(10):1057-1062.

Lenzi AV, et al. "Glutathione therapy for male infertility" Arch Androl. 1992;29:65-68.

Coenzyme Q10

Overvad K, et al. "Coenzyme Q10 in health and disease." Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999;53:764-770.

Ochsendorf, et al. "Glutathione in spermatozoa and seminal plasma of infertile men." Hum Repro. 1998;13(2):353-359.

Alleva R, et al. "The protective role of ubiquinol-10 against formation of lipid hydroperoxides in human seminal fluid." Molec Aspects Med. 1997;18(Suppl.):S221-S228.

Lewin A, Lavon H. "The effect of coenzyme Q10 on sperm motility and function." Molec Aspects Med. 1997;18(Suppl.):S213-S219.

Mancini A, et al. "Coenzyme Q10 concentrations in normal and pathological human seminal fluid." J Androl. November-December,1994;15(6):591-594.

S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAMe)

Piacentino R, et al. "Preliminary study on the use of s. adenosil methionine in male sterility." Minerva Ginecol. 1991;43(4):191-193.

Vitex agnus castus

Gerhard II, et al. "Mastodynon(r) bei weiblicher sterilitat." Komplementarmed. 1998;5(6):272-278.

Cahill DJ, et al. "Multiple follicular development associated with herbal medicine." Hum Reprod. 1994;9(8):1469-1470.

Astragalus membranaceus

Hong CY, et al. "Astragalus membranaceus stimulates human sperm motility in vitro." Am J Chinese Med. 1992;20(3-4):289-294.

Panax ginseng

Salvati G, Genovesi G, et al. "Effects of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer Saponins on male fertility." Panminerva Med.December 1996;38(4):249-254.

Aletris farinosa, Angelica sinensis, Arctium lappa, Taraxacum officinale, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Leonurus cardiaca, Dioscorea villosa and Smilax sarsaparilla

Eliuma El ASA, Mekkawe A, and Moans JS: The antimicrobial activity of garlic and onion extracts, Pharmazie 38:747-8, 1983.

Sharma VD, Sethi MSK, and Rarotra JR: Antibacterial property of Allium sativum linn: in vivo & in vitro studies. Ind J exp Biol 15:466-8, 1977.

Moore OS and Akcins RD: The fungicidal and fungistatic effects of an aqueous garlic extract on medically important yeast-like flingi. Mycologia 69:341-8, 1977.

Fromtling R and Bulmer 0: In vitro effect aqueous extract of garlic (Allium Sativum) on the growth and viability of cryptoccus neoformans. Mycologia 70:397405, 1978.

Am M, Taha M and Tosson Z: The effect of aqueous garlic extrct on the growth of dermatophytes. Int J Denmatol 19:285-7, 1980.

Sandhu DK, Warraich MK and Singh S: Sensitivity of yeasts isolated from cases of vaginitis to aqueous extracts of garlic. Mykosen 23:691-8, 1980.

Ellingwood, F., M.D.; American Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pharmacognosy; Botanical Vol. II; Eclectic Medical Publications; Sandy, OR; 1994.

Felter, H.W., M.D.; The Eclectic Materia Medica, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Botanical Vol. 1; Eclectic Medical Publications; Sandy, OR; 1994.

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Excessively underweight or overweight

Hauenschild A, et al. "Diet." Gynakologe. 2000;33:11-17.

Zaadstra B, et al. "Fat and female fecundity: prospective study of effect of body fat distribution on conception rates." Br Med J. February20,1993;306:484-487.

Wynn M, Wynn A. "The need for nutritional assessment in the treatment of the infertile patient." J Nutr Med. 1990;1:315-24.

Green BB, et al. "Risk of ovulatory infertility in relation to body weight." Fertil Steril. 1988;50(9):621-26.

Heavy Metal Detoxification

Eibensteiner L, et al. "Lead exposure and semen quality among traffic police in Arequipa, Peru." Int J Occup Environ Health. April/June,2005;11(2):161-166.

Pant N, et al. "Lead and cadmium concentration in the seminal plasma of men in the general population: correlation with sperm quality." Reprod Toxicol. 2003;17:447-450.

Benoff S, et al. "Increased seminal plasma lead levels adversely affect the fertility potential of sperm in IVF." Human Reprod. 2003;18(2):374-383.

Cherry N, et al."Infertile males with abnormal semen" Br J Obstet Gynaecol. October,2002;109:1121-1125.

Sallmen M, et al. "Paternal exposure to lead and infertility." Epidemiol. March,2000;11(2):148-152.

Plenge-Bonig A, Karmaus W. "Exposure to toluene in the printing industry is associated with subfecundity in women but not in men." Occup Environ Med. 1999;56:443-448.

Gerhard I, et al. "Heavy metals and fertility." J Toxicol Environ Health. 1998;54(Part A):593-611.

Robins, et al. "Semen quality and fertility of men employed in a South African lead acid battery plant." Am J Indust Med. 1997;32:369-376.

Paul M. "Occupational reproductive hazards." Lancet. May10,1997;349:1385-1388.

Schecter, et al. "Dioxins and dioxin-like chemicals in blood and semen of American Vietnam veterans from the state of Michigan." Am J Indust Med. 1996;30:647-654.

Hurley D. "Pollutants blamed for steady decline in sperm counts, ejaculate volume." Med Trib. 1992;Oct. 8;p. 14.

Gennart JP, et al. "Fertility of male workers exposed to cadmium, lead or manganese." Am J Epidemiol. 1992;135:1208-1219.

Coste J, et al. "Lead-exposed workman and fertility: a cohort study on 354 subjects." Eur J Epidemiol. March,1991;7(2):154-158.

Smoking

Kunzle R, et al. "Semen quality of male smokers and nonsmokers in infertile couples." Fertil Steril. February,2003;79(2):287-291.

Saleh RA, et al. "Effect of cigarette smoking on levels of seminal oxidative stress in infertile men: a prospective study." Fertil Steril. 2002;78:491-499.

Jensen TK, et al. "Adult and prenatal exposures to tobacco smoke as risk indicators of fertility among 430 Danish couples." Am J Epidemiol. 1998;148(10):992-997.

Merino, et al. "Effects of cigarette smoking on semen characteristics of a population in Mexico." Arch Androl. 1998;41:11-15.

Vine MF, et al. "Human sperm morphometry and smoking, caffeine, and alcohol consumption." Reprod Toxicol. 1997;11(2/3):179-184.

Benoff S, et al. "A potential role for cadmium in the etiology of varicocele-associated infertility." Fertil Steril. February,1997;67(2):336-347.

Curtis KM, et al. "Effects of cigarette smoking, caffeine consumption, and alcohol intake on fecundability." Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146(1):32-41.

Vine MF. "Cigarette smoking and semen quality." Fertility Sterility. April,1996;65(4):835-842.

Omu AE, et al. "Significance of trace elements in seminal plasma of infertile men." Nutrition. September-October,1995;11(5 Suppl.):502-505.

Alderete BE, et al. "Effect of cigarette smoking and coffee drinking on time to conception" Epidemiol. 1995;6:403-408.

Florack EIM, et al. "Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and caffeine intake and fecundability." Prev Med. 1994;23:175-180.

Sharara, et al. "Cigarette smoking accelerates the development of diminished ovarian reserve as evidenced by the clomiphene citrate challenge test" Fertility Sterility. August,1994;62(2):257-262.

Chia S-E, et al. "Effect of cadmium and cigarette smoking on human semen quality" Intl J Fertility. 1994;39(5):292-298.

Chia S-E, et al. "Effects of cigarette smoking on human semen quality" Arch Androl. 1994;33:163-168.

Xu, et al. "Trace elements in blood and seminal plasma and their relationship to sperm quality" Repro Toxicol. 1993;7:613-618.

Noack-Fuller H, et al. "Cadmium, lead, selenium and zinc in semen of occupationally unexposed men." Andrologia. 1993;25:7-25.

Chia S-E, et al. "Blood concentrations of lead, cadmium, mercury, zinc, and copper and human semen parameters." Arch Androl. 1992;29:177-183.

Rowlands J, et al. "Smoking and decreased fertilization rates in vitro." Lancet. December5,1992;340:1409-1410.

Fredricsson B, Gilljam H. "Smoking and reproduction: short and long term effects and benefits of smoking cessation." ACTA Obstet Gynecol. Scand. 1992;71:580-592.

Rosevear SK, et al. "Smoking and decreased fertilization rates in vitro." Lancet. November14,1992;340:1195-1196.

Tabacova S, et al. "Issues of human exposure to agents causing developmental toxicity" Anom. 1992;32(Suppl.):S21-S30.

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Weinberg CR, et al. "Reduced fecundability in women with prenatal exposure to cigarette smoking." Am J Epidemiol. 1989;129(5):1072-1078.

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Herbicide and pesticide exposure

Hauser R, et al. "Environmental organochlorines and semen quality: results of a pilot study." Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110:229-233.

Padungtod C, et al. "Occupational pesticide exposure and semen quality among chinese workers." J Occup Environ Med. October,2000; 42(10): 982-992.

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Prolonged exposure to heat

Thonneau P, et al. "Occupational heat exposure and male fertility: a review." Hum Reprod. 1998;13(8):2122-2125.

Thonneau P, et al. "Heat exposure as a hazard to male fertility." Lancet. January20,1996;347:204-205.

Iron

Rushton DH, et al. "Ferritin and fertility." Letter. Lancet.1991;337:1554.

Pernicious Anemia

Gulden KD. "Pernicious Anemia, Vitiligo, and Infertility." J Am Board Fam Pract. July-September 1990;3(3):217-220.

Marty H. "Pernicious anemia as a cause of secondary sterility." Schweiz Med Wschr.1984;114(5):178-179.

Thyroid

Bohnet HG, et al."Subclinical hypothyroidism and infertility."Lancet.1981;2:1278.

Horne HW. "Protein-bound iodine and reflex speed measurements in infertile patients." Int J Fertil. 1963;8:503-06.

Faulknew JW."Use of liothyronine to improve sperm counts after surgical correction of sterility." J Urol. 1962;88:262-65.

Farris EJ, Colton SW."Effects of L-thyroxine and liothyronine on spermatogenesis."J Urol.1958;79:863-67.

Horrax TM.:Liothyronine in the treatment of male infertility."J Urol.1958;80:49-54.

Reed DC, et al."Male subfertility: treatment with liothyronine (Cytomel)." J Urol.1958;79:868-72.

Kupperman HS, et al. "Endocrine therapy of sterility." Am Pract Dig Treat. 1958;9:547-63.

Buxton CL, Herrmann WL. "Effect of thyroid therapy on menstrual disorders." JAMA. 1954;155:1035-39.

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