References for Osteoporosis - Natural Medical Protocols

Below are supplemental abstracts and references of research that support the conclusions on the treatment for Osteoporosis

Eliminate Allergens

Mora S, et al. "Effect of gluten-free diet on bone mineral content in growing patients with celiac disease." Am J Clin Nutr. 1993;57:224-28.

Molteni N, et al. "Bone mineral density in adult celiac patients and the effect of gluten-free diet from childhood." Am J Gastroenterol. 1990;85:51-53.

Protein

Heaney RP. "Protein and calcium: antagonists or synergists?" Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75:609-610.

Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS. "Calcium intake influences the association of protein intake with rates of bone loss in elderly men and women." Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75:773-779.

Promislow JHE, et al. "Protein consumption and bone mineral density in the elderly: The Rancho Bernardo Study." Am J Epidemiol. 2002;155(7):636-644.

Hannan MT, et al. "Effect of dietary protein on bone loss in elderly men and women: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study." J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15(12):2504-2512.

Blank RP, et al. "Calcium metabolism and osteoporotic ridge absorption: A protein connection." J Prosthet Dent. 1987;58(5):590-95.

Spencer H, et al. "Further studies of the effect of a high protein diet as meat on calcium metabolism." Am J Clin Nutr. 1983;37:924-9.

Sanchex IV, et al. "Bone mineral mass in elderly vegetarian females." Am J Roentgenol. 1978;131:542.

Refined Carbohydrates

Frazao E. "High costs of poor eating patterns in the United States." Nutr Week. June18,1999;29(23):4-5.

Thom J, et al. "The influence of refined carbohydrate on urinary calcium excretion." Br J Urol. 1978;50:459-64.

Carbonated Beverages

Tucker KL, et al. "Colas, but not other carbonated beverages, are associated with low bone mineral density in older women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study." Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(4):936-42.

Swaminathan R. "Nutritional factors in osteoporosis." Int J Clin Pract. October/November. 1999;53(7):540-548.

"Bone loss, phosphorous and soft drinks." Nutr Week. September18,1998;28(36):7.

Mazariegos-Ramos E, et al. "Consumption of soft drinks with phosphoric acid as a risk factor for the development of hypocalcemia in children: A case-controlled study." J Pediatr. 1995;126:940-42.

Wyshak G, Frisch RE. "Carbonated beverages, dietary calcium/phosphorus ration, and bone fractures in girls and boys." J Adolesc Health. 1994;15:210-15.

Alkaline Foods

Barzel US. "Acid loading and osteoporosis." Letter, J Am Geriatr Soc. 1982;30(9):613.

Fruits and Vegetables

Wattanapenpaiboon N, et al. "Dietary carotenoid intake as a predictor of bone mineral density." Asia Pacific J Clin Nutr. 2003;12(1):467-473.

Tucker KL, et al. "Bone mineral density and dietary patterns in older adults: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study." Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:245-252.

Arjmandi BH, et al. "Dried plums improve indices of bone formation in postmenopausal women." J Women's Health Gender-Based Med. 2002;11(1):61-68.

Valtuena S, et al. "Influence of mediterranean diet and Mediterranean lifestyle on calcium and bone metabolism." Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2001;71(3):189-202.

New SA, et al. "Dietary influences on bone mass and bone metabolism: further evidence of a positive link between fruit and vegetable consumption and bone health." Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71:142-151.

Hauenschild A, et al. "Diet." Gynakologe. 2000;33:11-17.

Key TJ, et al. "Health benefits of a vegetarian diet." Proc Nutr Soc. 1999;58:271-275.

Marsh A, et al. :Bone mineral mas in adult lactovegetarian and omnivorous adults." Am J Clin Nutr. 1983;37:453-56.

Ellis F. et al. "Incidence of osteoporosis in vegatarians and omnivores." Am J Clin Nutr. 1972;25:55-58.25

Salt

Devine A, et al. "A longitudinal study of the effect of sodium and calcium intakes on regional bone density in postmenopausal women." Am J Clin Nutr. October,1995;62(4):740-745.

Soy Products

Ikeda Y, et al. "Intake of fermented soybeans, natto, is associated with reduced bone loss in postmenopausal women: Japanese Population-Based Osteoporosis (JPOS) Study." J Nutr. 2006;136(5):1323-8.

Atkinson C, et al. "The effects of phytoestrogen isoflavones on bone density in women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial." Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:326-333.

Gallagher JC, et al. "The effect of soy protein isolate on bone metabolism." Menopause. 2004;11(3):290-298.

Harkness L. "Soy and bone: where do we stand?" Orthopedic Nursing. January/February,2004;23(1):12-17.

Setchell KDR, Lydeking-Olsen E. "Dietary phytoestrogens and their effect on bone: evidence from in vitro and in vivo, human observational, and dietary intervention studies." Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78(Suppl):593S-609S.

Migliaccio S, Anderson JJB. "Isoflavones and skeletal health: are these molecules ready for clinical application?" Osteoporos Int. 2003;14:361-368.

Yamori Y, et al. "Soybean isoflavones reduce postmenopausal bone resorption in female Japanese immigrants in Brazil: a ten-week study." J Am Coll Nutr. 2002;21(6):560-563.

Greendale GA, et al. "Dietary soy isoflavones and bone mineral density: results from The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation." Am J Epidemiol. 2002;155(8):746-754.

Kritz-Silverstein D, Goodman-Gruen DL. "Usual dietary isoflavone intake, bone mineral density, and bone metabolism in postmenopausal women." J Women's Health Gender-Based Med. 2002;11(1):69-78.

Arjmandi BH, Smith BJ. "Soy isoflavones' osteoprotective role in postmenopausal women: mechanism of action." J Nutr Biochem. 2002;13:130-137.

Uesugi T, et al. "Beneficial effects of soybean isoflavone supplementation on bone metabolism and serum lipids in postmenopausal Japanese women: a four-week study." J Am Coll Nutr. 2002;21(2):97-102.

Mei J, et al. "High dietary phytoestrogen intake is associated with higher bone mineral density in postmenopausal but not premenopausal women." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(11):5217-5221.

Arjmandi BH. "The role of phytoestrogens in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in ovarian hormone deficiency." J Am Coll Nutr. 2001;20(5):398S-402S.

Glazier MG, Bowman MA. "A review of the evidence for the use of phytoestrogens as a replacement for traditional estrogen replacement therapy." Arch Intern Med. May14,2001;161:1161-1172.

Alekel DL, et al. "Isoflavone-rich soy protein isolate attenuates bone loss in the lumbar spine of perimenopausal women." Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:844-852.

Wangen KE, et al. "Effects of soy isoflavones on markers of bone turnover in premenopausal and postmenopausal women." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(9):3043-3048.

Horiuchi T, et al. "Effect of soy protein on bone metabolism in postmenopausal japanese women." Osteoporos Int. 2000;11:721-724.

Erdman JW Jr., et al. "Provocative relation between soy and bone maintenance." Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:679-680.

Anderson JW, et al. "Sorting out health claims about soy." Patient Care. December15,2000;14-28.

Dull P, et al. "Phytoestrogens: a woman's alternative to estrogen therapy." Family Prac Recertification. December,2000;22(15):58-71.

Messina MJ. "Legumes and soybeans: overview of their nutritional profiles and health effects." Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70(Suppl.):439S-450S.

Jackson K. "Soy: nature's estrogen." PA Today. January,1999;28-33.

Gallagher JC, et al. "Effects of soy isoflavone intake on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women." Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68(Suppl):1518S.

Humfrey CDN. "Phytoestrogens and human health effects: weighing up the current evidence." Nat Toxins. 1998;6:51-59.

Olsen EL, et al. "Bone gain after calcium enriched soy milk, food supplement, and lifestyle changes in women with low bone mass: a pilot project in course form." Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68(Suppl):1518S.

Draper CR, et al. "Phytoestrogens reduce bone loss and bone resorption in oophorectomized rats." J Nutr. 1997;127:1795-1799.

Knight DC, Eden JA. "A review of the clinical effects of phytoestrogens." Obstet Gynecol. May,1996;87(5 part 2):897-904.

Vitamin and Mineral References

Vitamin B6

Baines M, et al. "The association of homocysteine and its determinants MTHFR genotype, folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 with bone mineral density in postmenopausal British women." Bone. 2007;40(3): 730-736.

Weber P. "The rolen of vitamins in the prevention of osteoporosis - a brief status report." Intl J Vitam Nutr Res. 1999;69(3):194-197.

Masse PG, et al. "Pyridoxine deficiency affects biomechanical properties of chick tibial bone." Bone. June,1996;18(6):567-574.

Vitamin B12

Mulder H, Snelder HAA. "Vitamin B12 replacement and its effects on bone mass and bone markers in patients with osteoporosis associated with pernicious anaemia." Clin Drug Invest. November,1997;14(5):434-437.

Vitamin C

Pasco JA, et al. "Antioxidant vitamin supplements and markers of bone turnover in a community sample of nonsmoking women." J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2006; 15(3):295-300.

Hudson T. "Nutritional influences on osteoporosis." Female Patient. July,2004;29:38-42.

Morton DJ, et al. "Vitamin C supplement use and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women." J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16(1):135-140.

Varanasi SS, et al. "Mitochondrial DNA deletion associated oxidative stress and severe male osteoporosis." Osteoporos Int. 1999;10:143-149.

Weber P. "The role of vitamins in the prevention of osteoporosis - a brief status report." Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1999;69(3):194-197.

Hall SL and Greendale GA. "The relation of dietary vitamin C intake to bone mineral density: results from the PEPI study." Calc Tis Intl. 1998;63:183-189.

Leveille SG, et al. "Dietary vitamin C and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women in Washington state, USA." J Epidemiol Comm Health. 1997;51:479-485.

Kipp DE. "Long-term low ascorbic acid intake reduces bone mass in guinea pigs." J Nutr. 1996;126:2044-2049.

Vitamin D, Calcium

Roy DK, et al. "Vitamin D status and bone mass in UK South Asian women." Bone. 2007;40(1): 00-214.

Bolton-Smith C, et al "Two-year randomized controlled trial of vitamin k(1) (phylloquinone) and vitamin d(3) plus calcium on the bone health of older women." J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22(4): 509-519.

Grieger JA, et al. "Effect of multivitamin on vitamin D status and heel ultrasound bone density in Australian aged care residents." International Congress Series. 2007;Volume 1297: 109-119.

Kocjan T, et al. "Vitamin D status in patients with osteopenia or osteoporosis--an audit of an endocrine clinic." Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2006;76(5):307-13.

Holick MF. "High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health." Mayo Clin Proc. 2006;81(3):353-73.

Mastaglia SR, et al. "Vitamin D2 dose required to rapidly increase 25OHD levels in osteoporotic women." Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(5):681-7.

Malavolta N, et al. "The relationship of vitamin D status to bone mineral density in an Italian population of postmenopausal women." Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(12):1691-7.

Gaugris S, et al. "Vitamin D inadequacy among post-menopausal women: a systematic review." QJM. 2005;98(9):667-76.

Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. "Positive association between 25-hydroxy vitamin d levels and bone mineral density: a population-based study of younger and older adults." Am J Med. May1,2004;116:634-639.

Holick MF. "Bone: a dynamic tissue." CME Forum. March,2004;3(1):12-14.

Levine JP. "Practical considerations in treating the osteoporotic patient." CME Forum. March,2004;3(1):15-22.

Masse PG, et al. "Dietary macro- and micronutrient intakes of nonsupplemented pre- and postmenopausal women with a perspective on menopause-associated diseases." J Hum Nutr Dietet. 2004;17:121-132.

Holick MF. "Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, Type 1 Diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis." Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:362-371.

Moore C, et al. "Vitamin D intake in the united states." J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104:980-983.

Grados F, et al. "Prediction of bone mass density variation by bone remodeling markers in postmenopausal women with vitamin D insufficiency treated with calcium and vitamin D supplementation." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(11):5175-5179.

Michaelsson K, et al. "Dietary calcium and vitamin D intake in relation to osteoporotic fracture risk." Bone. 2003;32:694-703.

Cooper L, et al. "Vitamin D supplementation and bone mineral density in early postmenopausal women." Am J CIN Nutr. 2003;77:1324-1329.

Cheng S, et al. "Association of low 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with elevated parathyroid hormone concentrations and low cortical bone density in early pubertal and prepubertal Finnish girls." Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78:485-492.

Malabanan AO, Holick MF. "Vitamin D and bone health in postmenopausal women." J Women's Health. 2003;12(2):151-156.

Wachter K. "Calcium + vitamin D a low-cost way to reduce risk of fractures." Fam Pract News. May15,2003:32.

"Vitamin D is increasingly emerging at the center of fracture prevention." Women's Health in Primary Care. April,2003;6(4):187-188.

Trivedi DP, et al. "Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomized double blind controlled trial." BMJ. May,2003;3:265-268 / BMJ. March1,2003;326:469-472.

Zittermann A. "Vitamin D in preventive medicine: are we ignoring the evidence." Br J Nutr. 2003;89:552-572.

Devine A, et al. "Effects of vitamin D metabolites on intestinal calcium absorption and bone turnover in elderly women." Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75:283-288.

Fletcher RH, Fairfield KM. "Vitamins for chronic disease prevention in adults: clinical applications." JAMA. June19,2002;287(23):3127-3129.

Papadimitropoulos E, et al. "VIII: Meta-analysis of the efficacy of vitamin D treatment in preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women." Endocrine Rev. 2002;23(4):560-569.

NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention. "Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy." JAMA. February14,2001;285(6):785-795.

Guzel R, et al. "Vitamin D status and bone mineral density of veiled and unveiled Turkish women." J Women's Health Gender-Based Med. 2001;10(8):1-6.

Falkenbach A. "Physical exercise, nutrition and sunshine exposure for the prevention of osteoporosis." Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd. 2001;8:196-204.

Willett WC, Stampfer MJ. "What vitamins should I be taking, doctor?" N Engl J Med. December20,2001;345(25):1819-1824.

Peacock M, et al. "Effect of calcium or 25OH vitamin D3 dietary supplementation on bone loss at the hip in men and women over the age of 60." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(9):3011-3019.

Krieg MA, et al. "Effect of supplementation with vitamin D3 and calcium on quantitative ultrasound of bone in elderly institutionalized women: a longitudinal study." Osteoporos Int. 1999;9:483-488.

Sahota O, et al. "Vitamin D insufficiency increases bone turnover markers and enhances bone loss at the hip in patients with established vertebral osteoporosis." Clin Endocrinol. 1999;51:217-221.

Kyriakidou-Himonas M, et al. "Vitamin D supplementation in postmenopausal black women." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(11):3988-3990.

LeBoff MS. "Occult vitamin D deficiency in postmenopausal US women with acute hip fracture." JAMA. April28,1999;281(16):1505-1511.

Sahota O, et al. "Vitamin D insufficiency increases bone turnover markers and enhances bone loss at the hip in patients with established vertebral osteoporosis." Clin Endocrinol. 1999;51:217-221.

Valentine JF, Sninsky CA. "Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease." Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94(4):878-883.

Adams JS, et al. "Resolution of vitamin D insufficiency in osteopenic patients results in rapid recovery of bone mineral density." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(8):2729-2730.

Reid IR. "The roles of calcium and vitamin D in the prevention of osteoporosis." Endocrinol Metabolism Clin N Am. June,1998;27(2):389-398.

Deroisy R, et al. "Effects of two 1-year calcium and vitamin D3 treatments on bone remodeling markers and femoral bone density in elderly women." Curr Therapeutic Res. December,1998;59(12):850-862.

Peacock M. "Effects of calcium and vitamin D insufficiency on the skeleton." Osteoporos Intl. 1998;8(Suppl):S45-S51.

Baeksgaard L, et al. "Calcium and vitamin D supplementation increases spinal BMD in healthy, postmenopausal women." Osteoporos Intl. 1998;8:255-260.

Dawson-Hughes B, et al. "Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older." N Eng J Med. September4,1997;337(10):670-676.

Quesada-Gomez JM, et al. "Vitamin D insufficiency as a determinant of hip fractures." Osteopor Intl. 1996;Suppl.3:S42-S47.

Reid IR. "Therapy of osteoporosis: calcium, vitamin D, and exercise." Am J Med Sci. 1996;312(6):278-286.

Compston JE. "Vitamin D deficiency: time for action." Br Med J. November28,1998;317:1466-1467.

Kaufman JM. "Role of calcium and vitamin D in the prevention and the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: an overview." Clin Rheumatol. September,1995;14(Suppl 3):9-13.

Dawson-Hughes B, et al. "Effect of vitamin d supplementation on wintertime and overall bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women." Ann Int Med. 1991;115:505-512.

Vitamin K

Whelan AM, et al. "Natural health products in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis: systematic review of randomized controlled trials." Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(5): 836-49.

Kaneki M, et al. "Pleiotropic actions of vitamin K: protector of bone health and beyond?" Nutrition. 2006;22(7-8):845-852.

Booth SL, et al. "Vitamin K intake and bone mineral density in women and men." Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:512-516.

Iwamoto J, et al. "Combined treatment with vitamin K2 and bisphosphonate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis." Med J. October,2003;44(5):751-756.

Tse SLS, et al. "Deficient dietary vitamin K intake among elderly nursing home residents in Hong Kong." Asia Pacific J Clin Nutr. 2002;11(1):62-65.

Binkley NC, et al. "A high phylloquinone intake is required to achieve maximal osteocalcin-carboxylation." Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:1055-1060.

Booth SL, et al. "Effects of a hydrogenated form of vitamin K on bone formation and resorption." Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:783-790.

Sugiyama T, Kawai S. "The use of vitamin K may be a good choice for microgravity-induced bone disorder." J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16(4):794-795.

Weber P. "Vitamin K and bone health." Nutr. 2001;17(10):880-887.

Compston JE. "Boning up on vitamin K." Gut. April,2001;48(4):448.

Zittermann A. "Effects of vitamin K on calcium and bone metabolism." Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2001;4:483-487.

Shiraki M, at al. "Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) effectively prevents fractures and sustains lumbar bone mineral density in osteoporosis." J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15(3):515-521.

Sugiyama T, et al. "Menatetrenone plus alfacalcidol treatment for bone problems in eight children with skeletal unloading." J Bone Miner Metab. 2000;18:41-44.

Meunier PJ. "Calcium, vitamin D and vitamin K in the prevention of fractures due to osteoporosis." Osteoporos Intl. 1999;2(Suppl):S48-S52.

Sugiyama T, et al. "Vitamin K plus vitamin D treatment of bone problems in a child with skeletal unloading." J Bone Miner Res. 1999;14(8):1466-1467.

Vermeer C, et al. "Vitamin K and metabolic bone disease." J Clin Pathol. 1998;51:424-426.

Rucker RB. "Improved functional endpoints for use in vitamin K assessment: important implications for bone disease." Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:883-884.

Knapen MH, et al. "Vitamin K-induced changes in markers for osteoblast activity in urinary calcium loss." Calcif Tissue Int. August,1993;53(2):81-85.

Price PA. "Role of vitamin-K-dependent proteins in bone metabolism." Ann Rev Nutr. 1988;8:565-583.

Hart JP, et al. "Electrochemical detection of depressed circulating levels of vitamin K1 in osteoporosis." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985;60(6):1268-1269.

Folate

Gjesdal CG, et al. "Plasma total homocysteine level and bone mineral density: the Hordaland Homocysteine Study." Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(1):88-94.

Brattstrom LE, et al. "Folic acid responsive postmenopausal homocysteinemia." Metabolism. 1985;34:1073-77.

Calcium

Kass-Wolff JH. "Calcium in women: healthy bones and much more." JOGNN. January/February,2004;33(1):21-33.

Rozen GS, et al. "Calcium supplementation provides an extended window of opportunity for bone mass accretion after menarche." Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78:993-998.

"Do calcium supplements prevent postmenopausal osteoporotic fractures?" J Fam Pract. March,2003;52(3):234.

Uusi-Rasi K, et al. "Association of physical activity and calcium intake with the maintenance of bone mass in premenopausal women." Osteoporos Int. 2002;13:211-217.

Branca F, Vatuena S. "Calcium, physical activity and bone health -building bones for a stronger future." Public Health Nutr. 2001;4(1A):117-123.

Heaney RP. "Calcium, dairy products and osteoporosis." J Am Coll Nutr. 2000;19(2):83S-99S.

Chiu KM. "Efficacy of calcium supplements on bone mass in postmenopausal women." J Gerontol:Med Sci. 1999;54A(6):M275-M280.

Riggs BL, et al. "Long-term effects of calcium supplementation on serum parathyroid hormone level, bone turnover, and bone loss in elderly women." J Bone Min Res. 1998;13(2):168-174.

Scopacasa F, et al. "Calcium supplementation suppresses bone resorption in early postmenopausal women." Calcif Tis Intl. 1998;62:8-12.

Reginster JY, et al. "The effect of sodium monofluorophosphate plus calcium on vertebral fracture rate in postmenopausal women with moderate osteoporosis." Ann Int Med. July1,1998;129(1):1-8.

Storm D, et al. "Calcium supplementation prevents seasonal bone loss and changes in biochemical markers of bone turnover in elderly New England women: a randomized placebo-controlled trial." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(11):3817-3825.

Kung AWC, et al. "Age-related osteoporosis in Chinese: an evaluation of the response of intestinal calcium absorption and calcitropic hormones to dietary calcium deprivation." Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68:1291-1297.

Kamel S, et al. "Response of several markers of bone collagen degradation to calcium supplementation in postmenopausal women with low calcium intake." Clin Chem. 1998;44(7):1437-1442.

Devine A, et al. "A 4-year follow-up study of the effects of calcium supplementation on bone density in elderly postmenopausal women." Osteopor Intl. 1997;7(1):23-28.

Kilgore C. "Calcium enhances antiresorptive drugs' effectiveness: bone mass increases threefold, on average, when calcium is added to an HRT regimen." Fam Prac News. July15,1997;27(14):1-2.

Fujita T, et al. "Overnight suppression of parathyroid hormone and bone resorption markers by active absorbable algae calcium. a double-blind crossover study." Calcif Tissue Intl. 1997;60:506-512.

Fujita T, et al. "A three-year comparative trial in osteoporosis treatment: effect of combined alfacalcidol and elcatonin." J Bone Miner Metab. 1997;15:223-226.

Dawson-Hughes B, et al. "A controlled trial of the effect of calcium supplementation on bone density in postmenopausal women." N Eng J Med. September27,1990;323:878-883.

Nilas L, et al. "Calcium supplementation and postmenopausal bone loss." Br Med J. October27,1984;289:1103-1106.

Magnesium

Eastell R, Lambert H. "Diet and healthy bones." Calcif Tissue Int. 2002;70:400-404.

Dimai HP, et al. "Daily oral magnesium supplementation suppresses bone turnover in young adult males." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(8):2742-2748.

Abbott L, et al. "Magnesium deficiency in alcoholism: possible contribution to osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in alcoholics." Alc Clin and Exper Res. September/October,1994;18(5):1076-1082.

Copper

Eaton-Evans J, et al. "Copper supplementation and the maintenance of bone mineral density in middle-aged women." J Trace Elem Exper Med. 1996;9:87-84.

Zinc and Manganese

Micheletti A, et al. "Zinc status in athletes: relation to diet and exercise." Sports Med. 2001;31(8):577-582.

Strause L, et al. "Spinal bone loss in postmenopausal women supplemented with calcium and trace minerals." J Nutr. 1994;124:1060-64.

Saltman PD, Strause LG. "The role of trace minerals in osteoporosis." J Nutr Med. 1990;12:384-89.

Boron

Nielsen FH, et al. "Boron enhances and mimics some effects of estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women." J Trace Elem Exp Med. 1992;5:237-46.

Nielsen FH. "Boron-an overlooked element of potential nutritional importance." Nutr Today. 1988;(Jan/Feb):4-7.

Nielsen FH, et al. "Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women." FASEB J. 1987;1:394-397.

Silicon

Meunier PJ, et al. "The effects of strontium ranelate on the risk of vertebral fracture in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis." N Engl J Med. January29,2004;350(5):459-468.

Fessenden RJ, Fessenden JS. "The biological properties of silicon compounds." Clin Invest. 1993;71:993-98.

Strontium

Hansen DV, et al "Strontium-89 therapy for painful osseous metastatic prostate and breast cancer." Am Fam Phys. 1993;47(8):1795-1800.

Skoryna SC. "Effects of oral supplementation with stable strontium." Can Med Assoc J. 1981;125:703-12.

Supplement References

Hydrochloric Acid

Lutz J. "Calcium balance and acid-base status of women as affected by increased protein intake and by sodium bicarbonate ingestion." Am J Clin Nutr. 1984;39:281.

Mahoney AW, Hendricks DG. "Role of gastric acid in the utilization of dietary calcium by the rat." Nutr Metabol. 1974;16:375.

Brechner J, Armstrong WD. "Relation of gastric acidity to alveolar bone resorption." Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1941;48:98.

Dehydroepiandrostrone (DHEA)

Whelan AM, et al. "Natural health products in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis: systematic review of randomized controlled trials." Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(5): 836-49.

Ravaglia G, et al. "Dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate serum levels and common age-related diseases: results from a cross-sectional Italian study of a general elderly population." Exp Gerontol. 2002;37:701-712.

Kahn AJ, Halloran B. "Dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation and bone turnover in middle-aged to elderly men." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(4):1544-1549.

Haden ST, et al. "Effect of age on serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, IGF-I, and IL-6 levels in women." Calcif Tissue Int. 2000;66:414-418.

Villareal DT, et al. "Effects of DHEA replacement on bone mineral density and body composition in elderly women and men." Clin Endocrinol. 2000;53:561-568.

Baker B. "DHEA increases bone mineral density in women." Fam Prac News. November1,2000:24.

Robinzon B, Cutolo M. "Should dehydroepiandrosterone replacement therapy be provided with glucocorticoids?" Rheumatol. 1999;38:488-495.

Gordon CM, et al. "DHEA and the skeleton (through the ages)." Endocrine. August. 1999;11(1):1-11.

Labrie R, et al. "Effect of 12-month dehydroepiandrosterone replacement therapy on bone, vagina, and endometrium in postmenopausal women." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:3498-3505.

Simpson RM and Khaw KT. "Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) and its association with bone mineral density in a cohort of older men and women." Age Ageing. 1997;26(Suppl.3):P3/3.

Diamond P, et al. "Metabolic effects of 12-month percutaneous dehydroepiandrosterone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women." J Endocrinol. 1996;150:S43-S50.

Szathmari M, et al. "Dehydrospiandrosterone sulphate and bone mineral density." Osteoporosis Int. 1994;4:84-8.

EFA

Fernandes G, et al. "Protective role of n-3 lipids and soy protein in osteoporosis." Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2003;68:361-372.

Watkins BA, et al. "Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and skeletal health." Exp Biol Med. 2001;226(6):485-497.

Das UN. "Essential fatty acids and osteoporosis." Nutrition. 2000;16:386-390.

Kruger MC, et al. "Calcium, gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) supplementation in osteoporosis." Osteoporosis Int. 1996;6(Suppl1):250.

Bone Glandular

Stein J. "Objective demonstration of the organ-specific effectiveness of cellular preparations." In: Schmid F, ed; Cell Research and Cellular Therapy. Ott Publishers; Thoune (Switzerland); 1967:294-301.

Neumann KH. "The influence of tissue injections on experimental liver damage." In:Schmid F, ed; Cell Research and Cellular Therapy. Ott Publishers; Thoune (Switzerland); 1967:368-79.

Stein J. "Specific effect on implanted endocrine tissues." In:Schmid F, ed; Cell Research and Cellular Therapy. Ott Publishers; Thoune (Switzerland); 1967:340-67.

Botanical References

Viburnum opulus, Taraxacum officinale, Rumex crispis

Mitchell WA. Plant Medicine. Preparatory Manuscript; Seattle, WA; 2000.

Tilgner S. Herbal Medicine-From the Heart of the Earth. Wise Acres Press, Inc.; Creswell, OR; 1999.

Ogletree RL, Rischer RG. Physician's and Pharmacist's Guide to the Top 10 Scientifically Proven Natural Products. Natural Source Digest; 2nd Ed. Brandon, MS; 1997.

Chevallier A. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. DK Publishing; New York, NY; 1996.

Murray MT. The Healing Power of Herbs. 2nd Ed. Prima Publishing; Rocklin, CA; 1995.

Ellingwood F. American Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pharmacognosy; Botanical Vol. II. Eclectic Medical Publications; Sandy, OR; 1994.

Felter HW. The Eclectic Materia Medica, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Botanical Vol. 1. Eclectic Medical Publications; Sandy, OR; 1994.

Scalzo R. Naturopathic Handbook of Herbal Formulas. 3rd Ed. Kivaki Press; Durango, CO; 1994.

Ody P. The Complete Medicinal Herbal. Dorling Kindersley; New York, NY; 1993.

Stansbury JE. Botanical Medicines Acting on the Respiratory System. Preparatory Manuscript; Battleground, WA; 1992.

Stansbury JE. Pharmacognosy for the Herbal Practitioner. Preparatory Manuscript; Battleground, WA; 1992.

Thomas L. 10 Essential Herbs. Hohm Press; Prescott, AZ; 1992.

Weiss RF. Herbal Medicine. Beaconsfield Publishers LTD; Beaconsfield, England; 1991.

Hoffman D. The New Holistic Herbal. Element Inc; Rockport, MA; 1991.

Mabey R, et al. The New Age Herbalist. Collier Books, Macmillan Publishing Company; New York, NY; 1988. England;1988.

Tyler VE, et al. Pharmacognosy. 9th Ed. Lea & Febiger; Philadelphia, PA; 1988.

Wren RC. Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations. The C.W. Daniel Company Limited; Essex; 1988

Carr A, et al. Rodale's Illustrated Encyclopedia of Herbs. Rodale Press; Emmaus, PA; 1987.

Mowrey DB. The Scientific Validation of Herbal Medicine. Keats Publishing, Inc.; New Canaan, CT; 1986.

Beyer P. The Master Book of Herbalism. Phoenix Publishing; Custer, WA; 1984.

Goodenough J. Dr. Goodenough's Home Cures & Herbal Remedies. Avenel Books; New York, NY; 1982.

Millspaugh CF. American Medicinal Plants. Dover Publications, Inc.; New York, NY; 1974.

Grieve M. A Modern Herbal. Vol. I & II; Dover Publications, Inc.; New York, NY; 1971.

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Guggolz L. "Detection daidzein, formononetin, genistein, and biochanin A inforages." Agric Fd Chem. 1961;9;4:330-332.

Homeopathy References

Morrison R.Desktop Guide to Keynotes and Confirmatory Symptoms.Hahnemann Clinic Publishing; Albany, CA; 1993.

Murphy R.Homeopathic Medical Repertory.Hahnemann Academy of North America; Pagosa Springs, CO; 1993.

Phatak SR. A Concise Repertory of Homoeopathic Medicines. B. Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd.; New Delhi, India; 1992.

Kruzel T. The Homeopathic Emergency Guide.North Atlantic Books; Berkeley, CA; 1992.

Kent JT. Repertory of the Homeopathic Materia Medica.B. Jain Publishers (P) LTD; New Delhi, India; 1991.

Boericke W. Materia Medica with Repertory, 9th Ed..Boericke & Tafel, Inc.; Santa Rosa, CA; 1927.

Other Treatment References

Exercise

Miller LE, et al. "Bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: does exercise training make a difference?" Phys Sportsmed. February,2004;32(2):18-24.

Mulcahy N. "Brisk walking sparks rise in bone mineral density." Fam Pract News. February15,2004:70.

Swain DP. "Exercise for preventing osteoporosis." AJMS. July/August,2003;290-292.

Feskanich D, et al. "Walking and leisure-time activity and risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women." JAMA. November13,2002;288(18):2300-2306.

Going S, et al. "Effects of exercise on bone mineral density in calcium-replete postmenopausal women with and without hormone replacement therapy." Osteoporos Int. 2003;14:637-643.

Uusi-Rasi K, et al. "Association of physical activity and calcium intake with the maintenance of bone mass in premenopausal women." Osteoporos Int. 2002;13:211-217.

Runyan SM, et al. "Familial resemblance of bone mineralization, calcium intake, and physical activity in early-adolescent daughters, their mothers, and maternal grandmothers." J Am Diet Assoc. October,2003;103(10):1320-1325.

Kelley GA, Kelley KS. "Aerobic exercise and regional bone density in women: a meta-analysis of controlled trials." Am J Med Sports. November/December,2002;4:427-433. 452.

Stewart KJ, et al. "Fitness, fatness and activity as predictors of bone mineral density in older persons." J Intern Med. 2002;252:381-388.

Qin L, et al. "Regular tai chi chuan exercise may retard bone loss in postmenopausal women: a case-control study." Arch Phys Med Rehabil. October,2002;83:1355-1359.

Creighton DL, et al. "Weight-bearing exercise and markers of bone turnover in female athletes." J Appl Physiol. 2001;90:565-570.

Delvaux K, et al. "Bone mass and lifetime physical activity in Flemish males: a 27-year follow-up study." Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(11):1868-1875.

Aoyagi K, et al. "Calcaneus bone mineral density is lower among men and women with lower physical performance." Calcif Tissue Int. 2000;67:106-110.

Shahady EJ. "Exercise as medication: how to motivate your patients." Consultant. November,2000:2174-2178.

Rutherford OM. "Is there a role for exercise in the prevention of osteoporotic fractures?" Br J Sports Med. 1999;33:378-386.

Ulrich CM, et al. "Lifetime physical activity is associated with bone mineral density in premenopausal women." J Women's Health. 1999;8(3):365-375.

DiNubile NA, Sherman C. "Exercise and the bottom line: promoting physical and fiscal fitness in the workplace: a commentary." Physician Sportsmed. February,1999;27(2):37-43.

Ryan AS, et al. "Aerobic exercise maintains regional bone mineral density during weight loss in postmenopausal women." J Applied Physiol. 1998;84(4):1305-1310.

Kelley GA. "Exercise and regional bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a meta-analytic review of randomized trials." Am J Phys Med Rehab. January/February,1998;77(1):76-87.

Henderson NK, et al. "The roles of exercise and fall risk reduction in the prevention of osteoporosis." Endocrinol Metab Clin N A. June,1998;27(2):369-387.

Katz WA and Sherman C. "Osteoporosis: the role of exercise in optimal management." Physician Sportsmed. February,1998;26(2):33-42.

Kelley GA. "Aerobic exercise and lumbar spine bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis." J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998;46(2):143-152.

Ebrahim S, et al. "Randomized placebo-controlled trial of brisk walking in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis." Age Ageing. 1997;26:253-260.

Puntila E, et al. "Physical activity in adolescence and bone density in peri- and postmenopausal women: a population-based study." Bone. October1997;21(4):363-367.

Bravo G, et al. "A weight-bearing, water-based exercise program for osteopenic women: its impact on bone, functional fitness, and well-being." Arch Phys Med Rehab. December,1997;78:1375-1380.

Suleiman S, et al. "Effect of calcium intake and physical activity level on bone mass and turnover in healthy, white, postmenopausal women." Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66:937-943.

Preisinger E, et al. "Exercise therapy for osteoporosis: results of a randomized controlled trial." Br J Sports Med. 1996;30:209-212.

Estrogen Replacement Therapy

Prestwood KM, et al. "Ultralow-dose micronized 17 - estradiol and bone density and bone metabolism in older women: a randomized controlled trial." JAMA. August27,2003:290(8):1042-1048.

Johnson K. "Rapid bone loss associated with hormone cessation." Fam Pract News. June15,2003:23.

Going S, et al. "Effects of exercise on bone mineral density in calcium-replete postmenopausal women with and without hormone replacement therapy." Osteoporos Int. 2003;14:637-643.

Hayashi T, et al. "The long-term effect of estriol on endothelial function and bone mineral density in octogenarian women." JAGS. April,2002;50(4):777-778.

Lindsay R, et al. "Effect of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens with and without medroxyprogesterone acetate on bone in early postmenopausal women." JAMA. May22/29,2002;287(20):2668-2676.

Nagata C, et al. "Soy product intake and serum isoflavonoid and estradiol concentrations in relation to bone mineral density in postmenopausal Japanese women." Osteoporos Int. 2002;13:200-204.

Khosla S. "Oestrogen, bones and men: when testosterone just isn't enough." Clin Endocrinol. 2002;56:291-293.

Kamel HK, et al. "Hormone replacement therapy and fractures in older adults." J Am Geriatr Soc. February,2001;49(2):179-187.

Prestwood KM, et al. "Low dose estrogen and calcium have an additive effect on bone resorption in older women." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(1):179-183.

Recker RR, et al. "The effect of low-dose continuous estrogen and progesterone therapy with calcium and vitamin D on bone in elderly women: a randomized, controlled trial." Ann Int Med. June,1999;130(11):897-904.

McLaren-Howard J, et al. "Hormone replacement therapy and osteoporosis: bone enzymes and nutrient imbalances." J Nutr Env Med. 1998;8:129-138.

Schneider DL, et al. "Timing of postmenopausal estrogen for optimal bone mineral density: The Rancho Bernardo Study." JAMA. February19,1997;277(7):543-547.

Aloia JF, et al. "Calcium supplementation with and without hormone replacement therapy to prevent postmenopausal bone loss." Ann Int Med. January15,1994;120(2):97-103.

Melis GB, et al. "Ipriflavone and low doses of estrogens in the prevention of bone mineral loss in climacterium." Bone Mineral. 1992;19(Suppl):S49-S56.

Recker RR, et al. "Effect of estrogens and calcium carbonate on bone loss in postmenopausal women." Ann Int Med. December 1977;87(6):649-655.

Horsman A, et al. "Prospective trial of oestrogen and calcium in postmenopausal women." Br Med J. September24,1977;789-792.

Smoking

Ward KD, Klesges RC. "A meta-analysis of the effects of cigarette smoking on bone mineral density." Calcif Tissue Int. 2001;68:259-270.

Law MR, Hackshaw AK. "A meta-analysis of cigarette smoking, bone mineral density and risk of hip fracture: recognition of a major effect." Br Med J. 1997; 315:841-846.

Cadmium

Jarup L, et al. "Cadmium may be a risk factor for osteoporosis." Occup Env Med. July,1998;55(7):435-439.