Fat Intake

Chen H, et al. "Diet and Parkinson's disease: a potential role of dairy products in men." Ann Neurol. December,2002;52(6):793-801.

Johnson CC, et al. "Adult nutrient intake as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease." Int J Epidemiol. 1999;28:1102-1109.

Peers R. "Fatty diet, mitochondria and Parkinson's disease." NZ Med J. April,1997;132.

Logroscino G, et al. "Dietary lipids and antioxidants in Parkinson's disease: a population-based, case-control study." Ann Neurol. 1996;39:89-94.

Vilming ST. "Diet therapy in Parkinson disease." Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. April20,1995;115(10):1244-1247.

Protein Intake

Laino C. "High-carbohydrate diet urged for Parkinson's." Med Trib. March24,1994;9.

Karsteadt PJ, Pincus JH. "Protein redistribution diet remains effective in patients with fluctuating Parkinsonism." Arch Neurol. February,1992;49:149-151.

Pare S, et al. "Effect of daytime protein restriction on nutrient intakes of free-living Parkinson's disease patients." Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;55:701-707.

Croxson S, et al. "Dietary modification of Parkinson's disease." Eur J Clin Nutr. 1991;45:263-266.

Carter JH, et al. "Amount and distribution of dietary protein effects clinical response to levodopa in Parkinson's disease." Neurol. l989;39:552-556.

Tsui JK, et al. "The effect of dietary protein on the efficacy of L-dopa: a double-blind study." Neurol. April,1989;39:549-552.

Caffeine

Ascherio A, et al. "Coffee consumption, gender, and Parkinson's disease mortality in the cancer prevention study II cohort: The modifying effects of estrogen." Am J Epidemiol. 2004;160(10):977-984.

Bridle L, et al. "Is caffeine excess part of your differential diagnosis?" The Nurse Practitioner. April,2004;29(4):39-44.

Hernan MA, et al. "A meta-analysis of coffee drinking, cigarette smoking, and the risk of Parkinson's disease." Ann Neurol. September,2002;52(3):276-284.

Ascherio A, et al. "Prospective study of caffeine consumption and risk of Parkinson's disease in men and women." Ann Neurol. July,2001;50(1):56-63.

Ross GW, et al. "Association of coffee and caffeine intake with the risk of Parkinson disease." JAMA. May24/31,2000;283(20):2674-2679.

Ross GW, et al. "Association of coffee and caffeine intake with the risk of Parkinson disease." JAMA. May,2000;283:2674-2679.

Grandinetti A, et al. "Prospective study of cigarette smoking and the risk of developing idiopathic Parkinson's disease." Am J Epidemio. 1997;139:1129-1138.

Hellenbrand W, et al. "Diet and Parkinson's disease, II: a possible role for the past intake of specific nutrients: results from a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire in a case-control study." Neuro. 1996;47:644-650.

Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, et al. "Premorbid smoking, alcohol consumption and coffee drinking habits in Parkinson's disease: a case-control study." Mov Disord. 1992;7:339-344.

Nehlig A, et al. "Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects." Brain Res Rev. 1992;17:139-170.

Popoli P, et al. "Akinesia due to catecholamine depletion in mice is prevented by caffeine: further evidence for an involvement of adenosinergic system in the control of motility." J Pharm Pharmacol. 1991;43:280-281.

Antioxidants

Jenner P. "Oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease: a double-edged sword." Ann Neurol. 2003;53(Suppl 3):S26-S38.

Zhang SM, et al. "Intakes of vitamins E and C, carotenoids, vitamin supplements, and PD risk." Neurol. October,2002;59(2 of 2):1161-1169.

Blaylock RL. "New developments in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases using nutraceuticals and metabolic stimulants." JANA. Winter,2002;5(1):15-32.

Delanty N, Dichter MA. "Antioxidant therapy in neurologic disease." Arch Neurol. September,2000;57:1265-1270.

Markesbery WR. "The role of oxidative stress in alzheimer disease." Arch Neurol. December,1999;56:1449-1452.

Smythies J. "Recent advances in oxidative stress and antioxidants in medicine." J Orthomol Med. 1998;13(1):11-18.

Ratan RR. "Antioxidants and the treatment of neurological disease." Cell Death Diseases Nervous System. 1998;32:649-666.

Vatassery GT. "Vitamin E and other endogenous antioxidants in the central nervous system." Geriatr. September,1998;53(Suppl. 1):S25-S27.

Halliwell B, Jenner P. "Impaired clearance of oxidized proteins in neurodegenerative diseases," Lancet. May16,1998;351:1510.

Ciccone CD. "Free-radical toxicity and antioxidant medications in Parkinson's disease." Phys Ther. March,1998;78(3):313-319.

Delanty N, Dichter MA. "Oxidative injury in the nervous system." Acta Neurol Scand. 1998;98:145-153.

de Rijk MC, et al. "Dietary antioxidants and Parkinson disease: The Rotterdam Study." Arch Neurol. June,1997;54:762-765.

Bains JS, Shaw CA. "Neurodegenerative disorders in humans: the role of glutathione in oxidative stress-mediated neuronal death." Brain Res Rev. 1997;25:335-338.

Ebadi M. "Oxidative stress and antioxidant therapy in Parkinson's disease." Prog Neurobiol. 1996;48:1-19.

Offen D, et al. "Prevention of dopamine-induced cell death by thiol antioxidants: possible implications for treatment of Parkinson's disease." Exp Neurol. 1996;141:32-39.

Blumberg J. "The requirement for vitamins in aging and age-associated degenerative conditions." in Vitamin Intake in Human Nutrition, Basel, Karger. 1995;52:108-115.

Singh RB, et al. "Dietary intake and plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins in health and disease: a hospital-based, case-control study." J Nutr Env Med. 1995;5:235-242.

Beal MF. "Aging, energy, and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases." Ann Neurol. 1995;38:357-366.

Lohr JB, Browning JA. "Free radical involvement in neuropsychiatric illnesses." Psychopharmacol Bull. 1995;31(1):159-165.

Williams LR. "Oxidative stress, age-related neurodegeneration, and the potential for neurotrophic treatment." Cerebrovascn Brain Metab Rev. 1995;7:55-73.

Ward J. "Free radicals, antioxidants and preventive geriatrics." Austral Fam Phys. July,1994;23(7):1297-1305.

Jenner P. "Oxidative damage in neurodegenerative diseases." Lancet. September17,1994;344:796-798.

Yoshikawa T. "Antioxidant properties of bromocriptine, a dopamine agonist." J Neurochem. 1994;62(3):1034-1038.

Bonorden WR, Pariza MW. "Antioxidant nutrients and protection from free radicals." Nutr Toxicol. 1994,Chapter2;19-48.

Cerhan JR, et al. "Antioxidant intake and risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) in older women." Am J Epidemiol. 1994;139:S65.

Duthie GG. "Lipid peroxidation." Eur J Clin Nutr. 1993;47:759-764.

Fahn S, Cohen G. "The oxidant stress hypothesis and Parkinson's disease - evidence supporting it." Ann Neurol. December,1992;32(6):804-812.

Di Monte, et al. "Glutathione in Parkinson's disease: a link between oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage." Ann Neurol. 1992;32:S111-S115.

Lohr JB. "Oxygen radicals and neuropsychiatric illness: some speculations." Arch Gen Psychiatry. December,1991;48:1097-1106.

Jesberger JA, Richardson JS. "Oxygen free radicals and brain dysfunction." Intl J Neurosci. 1991;57:1-17.

Fahn S. "An open trial of high-dose antioxidants in early Parkinson's disease." Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53:380S-382S.

Agid Y. "Parkinson's disease: pathophysiology." Lancet. June1,1991;337:1321-1324.

Vitamin C

Smythies JR. "The role of ascorbate in brain: therapeutic implications." J Royal Soc Med. May1996;89(5):241.

Ringrose CAD. "Therapeutic use of IV vitamin C in degenerative diseases." Linus Pauling Inst Sci Med Newsletter. Spring/Summer,1994;8.

Yapa S. "Detection of subclinical ascorbate deficiency in early Parkinson's disease." Public Health. 1992;106:393-395.

Reilly DK, et al. "On-off effects in Parkinson's disease: a controlled investigation of ascorbic acid therapy." Adv Neurol. 1983;37:51-60.

Sacks W, Simpson GM. "Ascorbic acid in levodopa therapy." Lancet. March1,1975:527.

Vitamin E

Etminan M, et al. "Intake of vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids and the risk of Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis." Lancet Neurology. 2005;4(6):362-365.

Fariss MW, Zhang J-G. "Vitamin E therapy in Parkinson's disease." Toxicol. 2003;189:129-146.

Nicoletti G, et al. "Plasma levels of vitamin E in Parkinson's disease." Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2001;33:7-12.

Vatassery GT. "Vitamin E: neurochemical aspects and relevance to nervous system disorders." in Metals and Oxidative Damage in Neurological Disorders. 1997;Chapter10:175-188.

Traber MG, Sies H. "Vitamin E in humans: demand and delivery." Ann Rev Nutr. 1996;16:321-347.

Singh RB, et al. "Dietary intake and plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins in health and disease: a hospital-based case-control study." J Nutr Environ Med. 1995;5:235-242.

Cadet JL. "Movement disorders: therapeutic role of vitamin E." Toxicol Letter. 1993;9(1-2):337-347.

Vatassery GT. "Neurochemistry of vitamin E and its implications to neurological diseases." in Beyond Deficiency: New Views on the Functions and Health Effects of Vitamins. New York Academy of Sciences. February9-12,1992;9.

Adams JD, et al. "Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease brain levels of glutathione, glutathione disulfide, and vitamin E." Molec Chem Neuropathol. 1991;14:213-223.

Lin D. "Substantiated clinical uses of vitamin E." Townsend Letter. November,1991;857-864.

Factor SA, et al. "Vitamin E therapy in Parkinson's disease." Adv Neurol. 1990;53:457-461.

Eaton J. "Vitamin E use in neurology." Western J Med. May,l989;l50(5).

Diamond BI. "Vitamin E may effect striatal dopamine level." Am Fam Phys. July,l989;203.

Vitamin B6

de Lau LM, et al. "Dietary folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 and the risk of Parkinson disease" Neurology. 2006;67(2):315-8.

Vitamin B12

Ozer F, et al. "Plasma homocysteine levels in patients treated with levodopa: motor and cognitive associations." Neurological Research. 2006;28(8): 853-858.

Folate

National Institute on Aging. "Folic Acid and Parkinson Disease." JAMA. February20,2002;287(7):823/J Neurochem. 2002;80:101-110.

Choline

Weiss GB. "Metabolism and actions of CDP-choline as an endogenous compound and administered exogenously as citicoline." Life Sci. 1995;56(9):637-660.

Secades JJ, Frontera G. "CDP-choline: pharmacological and clinical review." Meth Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1995;17(Suppl B):1-54.

Garcia-Mas A, et al. "Effects of citicholine in subcortical dementia associated with Parkinson's disease assessed by quantified electroencephalography." Clin Ther. September-October,1992;14(5):718-729.

Eberhardt R, et al. "Citicholine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease." Clin Ther. November-December,1990;12(6):489-495.

Cubells JM, Hernando C. "Clinical trial on the use of cytidine diphosphate choline in Parkinson's disease." Clin Ther. 1988;10(6):664-671.

Agnoli A, et al. "New strategies in the management of Parkinson's disease: a biological approach using a phospholipid precursor (CDP-choline)." Neuropsychobiol. 1982;8:289-296.

Shibuya M, et al. "Effects of CDP-choline on striatal dopamine level and behavior in rats." Japan J Pharmacol. 1981;31:47-52.

Zinc

Cuajungco MP, Lees GJ. "Zinc metabolism in the brain: relevance to human neurodegenerative disorders." Neurobiol Dis. 1997;4:137-169.

Yasui M, et al. "Role of zinc in the central nervous system." in Mineral and Medical Neurotoxicology. 1997 CRC Press, Chapter 14:139-145.

O'Dell BL. "Roles of zinc and copper in the nervous system." Prog Clin Biol Res. 1993;380:147-162.

Goode HF, et al. "Evidence of cellular zinc depletion in hospitalized but not in healthy elderly subjects." Age Ageing. 1991;20:345-348.

Magnesium

Yasui M, et al. "Magnesium-related neurological disorders." in Mineral and Metal Neurotoxicology. 1997 CRC Press, Chapter 22:219-226.

Yasui M, et al. "Calcium, magnesium and aluminum concentrations in Parkinson's disease." Neurotoxicol. 1992;13:593-600.

Glick JL. "Use of magnesium in the management of dementias." Med Sci Res. 1990;18:831-833.

Uitti RJ, et al. "Regional metal concentrations in Parkinson's disease, other chronic neurological diseases, and control brains." Can J Neurol Sci. 1989;16(3):310-314.

Coenzyme Q10

Storch A, et al. "Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on symptomatic effects of coenzyme Q10 in Parkinson disease." Arch Neurol. 2007;May 14.

Young AJ, et al. "Coenzyme Q10: a review of its promise as a neuroprotectant." CNS Spect. 2007;12(1): 62-8.

Weber CA, et al. "Antioxidants, supplements, and Parkinson's disease." Ann Pharmacother. 2006;Apr18.

de Lau LM, et al. "Serum cholesterol levels and the risk of Parkinson's disease." Am J Epidemiol. 2006.

Bhagavan HN, et al. "Coenzyme Q10: absorption, tissue uptake, metabolism and pharmacokinetics." Free Radical Res. 2006;40(5):445-53.

Wu SS, et al. "Treatment of Parkinson's disease: what's on the horizon?" CNS Drugs. 2005;19(9): 723-43.

Sohmiya M, et al. "Redox status of plasma coenzyme Q10 iIndicates elevated systemic oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease." J Neurol Sci. 2004;223:161-166.

Shults CW, et al. "Effects of coenzyme Q10 in early Parkinson disease: evidence of slowing of the functional decline." Arch Neurol. October 2002;59:1541- 1550.

Beal MF. "Coenzyme Q10 as a possible treatment for neurodegenerative diseases." Free Radic Res. 2002;36(4):455-460.

Melatonin

Mayo JC, et al. "Melatonin and Parkinson's disease." Endocrine. 2005;27(2): 169-78.

Reiter RJ, et al. "Oxidative toxicity in models of neurodegeneration: responses to melatonin." Restorative Neurol Neurosci. 1998;12:135-142.

Reiter RJ. "Oxidative damage in the central nervous system: protection by melatonin." Prog Neurobiol. 1998;56:359-384.

Beyer CE, et al. "Antioxidant properties of melatonin - an emerging mystery." Biochem Pharmacol. 1998;56(10):1265-1272.

Reiter RJ. "Melatonin in relation to cellular antioxidative defense mechanisms." Horm Metab Res. 1997;29:363-372.

NADH

Perlmutter D. "Functional therapeutics in neurodegenerative disease." J Appl Nutr. 1999;51(1):3-15.

Kuhn W, et al. "Parenteral application of NADH in Parkinson's disease: clinical improvement partially due to stimulation of endogenous levodopa biosynthesis." J Neural Transm. 1996;103:1187-1193.

Birkmayer GJD, et al. "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) - a new therapeutic approach to Parkinson's disease: comparison of oral and parenteral application." Acta Neurol Scand. 1993;87:Suppl.146:32-35.

Vrecko K, et al. "Stimulation of dopamine biosynthesis in cultured PC 12 pheochromocytoma cells by the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)." J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect. 1993;5(2):147-156.

Birkmayer W, Birkmayer GJD. "Nicotinamidadenindinucleotide (NADH): the new approach in therapy of Parkinson's disease." Ann Clin Lab Sci. Volumel9,#l,l989:38-43.

Birkmayer W, et al. "The coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) improves the disability of Parkinsonian patients." J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect. 1989;1(4):297-302.

S-Adenosyl Methionine (SAM)

Carrieri PB, et al. "S-Adenosylmethionine treatment of depression in patients with Parkinson's disease." Cur Ther Res. July,1990;48(1):154-159.

Surtees R, Hyland K. "L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (levodopa) lowers central nervouse system S-Adenosylmethionine concentrations in humans." J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990;53(7):569-572.

Smythies JR, Halsey JH. "Treatment of Parkinson's disease with L-methionine." South Med J. 1984;77:1577.

Meininger V, et al. "L-methionine treatment of Parkinson's disease: preliminary results" Rev Neurol (Paris). 1982:138(4):297-303.

Catto E, et al. "Brain monoamine changes following the administration of S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe)." Neuropharmacol. 1978:2.

Tyrosine

Lemoine P, et al. "L-tyrosine a long term treatment of Parkinson's disease." CR Acad Sci [III]. l989;309(2):43-47.

Yamaguchi T, et al. "Effects of tyrosine administration on serum biopterin in normal controls and patients with Parkinson's disease." Sci. 1983;219:75-7.

Growdon JH, et al. "Effects of oral L-tyrosine and homovanillic acid levels in patients with Parkinson's disease." Life Sci. 1982;30(10):827-32.

Tryptophan

Sandyk R, Fisher H. "L-tryptophan supplementation in Parkinson's disease." Int J Neurosci. 1989;43(3-4):215-9.

Nutt JG, et al. "The "on-off" phenomenon in Parkinson's disease. Relation to levodopa absorption and transport." N Engl J Med. 1984;310(8):483-8.

Lehmann J. "Levodopa and depression in Parkinsonism." Lancet. 1971;1:140.

Bryant RC. "Duration of illness and response to tryptophan in Parkinson's disease." Arch Neurol. October,1980;37:677.

Lehmann J. "Tryptophan malabsorption in levodopa-treated parkinsonian patients." Acta Med Scand. 1973;194:181-89.

Coppen A, et al. "Levodopa and L-tryptophan therapy in Parkinsonism." Lancet. 1972;1:654-7.

Glutathione

Schulz JB, et al. "Glutathione, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration." Eur J Biochem. 2000;267:4904-4911.

Nicole A, et al. "Direct evidence for glutathione as mediator of apoptosis in neuronal cells." Biomed Pharmacother. 1998;52(9):349-355.

Pearce RKB, et al. "Alterations in the distribution of glutathione in the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease." J Neural Transm. 1997;104:661-677.

Sechi G, et al. "Reduced intravenous glutathione in the treatment of early Parkinson's disease." Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol & Biol Psychiat. 1996;20:1159-1170.

Schulz JB, et al. "Glutathione, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration." J Eur J Biochem. 2000 Aug;267(16):4904-11.

Perry TL, Yong VW. "Idiopathic Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and glutathione metabolism in the substantia nigra of patients." Neurosci Lett. 1986;Jun 30;67(3):269-74.

Sian J, et al. "Alterations in glutathione levels in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders affecting basal ganglia." Ann Neurol. 1994 Sep;36(3):348-55.

Jenner P, et al. "Oxidative stress as a cause of nigral cell death in Parkinson's disease and incidental Lewy body disease." Ann Neurol. 1992;32 Suppl:S82-7.

Merad-Boudia M, et al. "Mitochondrial impairment as an early event in the process of apoptosis induced by glutathione depletion in neuronal cells: relevance to Parkinson's disease." Biochem Pharmacol. 1998;Sep 1;56(5):645-55.

Hirsch EC. "Does oxidative stress participate in nerve cell death in Parkinson's disease?" Eur Neurol. 1993;33 Suppl 1:52-9.

Jenner P. "Altered mitochondrial function, iron metabolism and glutathione levels in Parkinson's disease." Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 1993;146:6-13.

Garcia JC, et al." Depletion of brain glutathione potentiates the effect of 6-hydroxydopamine in a rat model of Parkinson's disease." J Mol Neurosci. 2000;Jun;14(3):147-53.

Jurma OP, et al. "Decreased glutathione results in calcium-mediated cell death in PC12." Free Radic Biol Med. 1997;23(7):1055-66.

Canals S, et al. "Glutathione depletion switches nitric oxide neurotrophic effects to cell death in midbrain cultures: implications for Parkinson's disease." J Neurochem. 2001; Dec;79(6):1183-95.

Jha N, et al. "Glutathione depletion in PC12 results in selective inhibition of mitochondrial complex I activity. Implications for Parkinson's disease." J Biol Chem. 2000; Aug 25;275(34):26096-101.

Larumbe Ilundain R, et al. ["Case-control study of markers of oxidative stress and metabolism of blood iron in Parkinson's disease."] [Article in Spanish] [Rev Esp Salud Publica. 2001;Jan-Feb;75(1):43-53].

Fahn S. "An open trial of high-dosage antioxidants in early Parkinson's disease." Am J of Clin Nutr. 1991;53:380S-382S.

Offen D, et al. "Prevention of dipamine-induced cell death by thiol antioxidants: Possible implication for treatment of Parkinson's disease." Experi Neur.September 1996; 141(1): 32-39.

Ebadi M, et al. "Oxidative stress and antioxidant therapy in Parkinson's disease." Prog in Neurobio. January 1996;48(1):1-19.

The Parkinson Study Group. "Effects of tocopherol and deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's disease." N E J of Med.January 21, 1993; 328(3): 176-183.

Arginine

Kuiper MA, et al. "L-glutamate, L-arginine and L-citrulline levels in cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, and alzheimer's disease patients." J Neural Transm. 2000;107:183-189.

Passiflora incarnata

Hoffmann D. The New Holistic Herbal. Element Inc. 1991;221.

Murphy R.Homeopathic Medical Repertory.Hahnemann Academy of North America; Pagosa Springs, CO; 1993.

Phatak SR. A Concise Repertory of Homoeopathic Medicines. B. Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd.; New Delhi, India; 1992.

Kruzel T. The Homeopathic Emergency Guide.North Atlantic Books; Berkeley, CA; 1992.

Kent JT. Repertory of the Homeopathic Materia Medica.B. Jain Publishers (P) LTD; New Delhi, India; 1991.

Boericke W. Materia Medica with Repertory, 9th Ed..Boericke & Tafel, Inc.; Santa Rosa, CA; 1927.

Toxic Chemical Exposure

Barbosa ER, et al. "Parkinsonism after glycine-derivate exposure." Mov Disord. 2001;16(3):565-568.

Engel LS, et al. "Parkinsonism and occupational exposure to pesticides." Occup Environ Med. 2001;58:582-589.

Fall P-A, et al. "Nutritional and occupational factors influencing the risk of Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in southeastern Sweden." Mov Disord. 1999;14(1):28-37.

Kordysh EA, et al. "Chemical exposures and Parkinson's disease in residents of three Negev kibbutzim." Env Res. 1997;73:162-165.

Seidler A, et al. "Possible environmental, occupational, and other etiologic factors for Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in Germany." Neurol. 1996;46:1275-1284.

Fleming L, et al. "Parkinson's disease and brain levels of organochlorine pesticides." Ann Neurol. July,1994;36(1):100-102.

Butterfield PG, et al. "Environmental antecedents of young-onset Parkinson's disease." Neurol. June,1993;43:1150-1158.

Russell T. "Environmental risk factors in Parkinson's disease." Food Chem Toxicol. 1992;30(4):343-348.

Moen BE. "Environmental and occupational toxins." Cur Opinion Neurol Neurosurg. 1991;4:442-446.

Wong GF, et al. "Environmental risk factors in siblings with Parkinson's disease." Arch Neurol. March,1991;48:287-290.

Koller W, et al. "Environmental risk factors in Parkinson's disease." Neurol. August,1990;40:1218-1221.

Tanner CM, Langston W. "Do environmental toxins cause Parkinson's disease? a critical review." Neurol. October,1990;40(Suppl.3):17-28.

Pezzoli G, et al. "Parkinsonism due to N-hexane exposure." Lancet. October7,1989;874.

Manganese Exposure

Gorell JM, et al. "Occupational exposure to manganese, copper, lead, iron, mercury and zinc and the risk of Parkinson's disease." Neurotoxicol. 1999;20(2-3):239-248.

Brown S, Taylor NL. "Could mitochondrial dysfunction play a role in manganese toxicity?" Env Toxicol Pharmacol. 1999;7:49-57.

Huang CC, et al. "Cock gait in manganese intoxication." Movement Disorders. 1997;12(5):807-808.

Aschner M. "Manganese neurotoxicity and oxidative damage." in Metals and Oxidative Damage in Neurological Disorders. 1997;Chaper5:77-93.

Wolters EC. "Manganese-induced Parkinsonism." in Mineral and Metal Neurotoxicology 1997;Chapter 32:319-325.

Hauser RA, et al. "Blood manganese correlates with brain magnetic resonance imaging changes in patients with liver disease." Can J Neurol Sci. May,1996;23(2):95-98.

Mergler D. "Manganese: the controversial metal. At what levels can deleterious effects occur?" Can J Neurol Sci. 1996;23:93-94.

Huang CC, et al. "Chronic manganese intoxication." Arch Neurol. October,1989;46:1104-1106.

Wang JD, et al. "Manganese induced Parkinsonism: an outbreak due to an unrepaired ventilation control system in ferromanganese smelter." Br J Indust Med. 1989;46:856-859.

Freeland-Graves J. "Manganese: an essential nutrient for humans." Nutr Today. November/December,1988;13-19.

Florence TM, Stauber JL. "Neurotoxicity of manganese." Lancet. February13,1988:363.

Sandstead HH. "A brief history of the influence of trace elements on brain function." J Clin Nutr. February,1986;43:293-298.

Iron and Other Metals

Sayre LM, et al. "The role of metals in neurodegenerative diseases." Cell Mol Biol. 2000;46(4):731-741.

Kuhn W, et al. "High prevalence of Parkinsonism after occupational exposure to lead-sulfate batteries." Neurol. June,1998;50:1885-1886.

Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, et al. "Cerebrospinal fluid levels of transition metals in patients with Parkinson's disease." J Neural Transm. 1998;105:497-505.

Hirsch EC, Faucheux BA. "Iron metabolism and Parkinson's disease." Mov Disord. 1998;13(Suppl 1):39-45.

Gorell JM, et al. "Occupational exposures to metals as risk factors for Parkinson's disease." Neurol. March,1997;48:650-658.

Zhongming Q, et al. "Brain iron and neurological disorders." Chin Med J. 1997;110(6):455-458.

Logroscino G, et al. "Altered systemic iron metabolism in Parkinson's disease." Neurol. September,1997;49:714-717.

Montgomery EB. "Heavy metals and the etiology of Parkinson's disease and movement disorders." Toxicol. 1995;97:3-9.

Sachdev P. "The neuropsychiatry of brain iron." J Neuropsychiatry. Winter,1993;5(1):18-29.

Ben-Shachar D, et al. "Role of iron and iron chelation in dopaminergic-induced neurodegeneration: implication for Parkinson's disease", Ann Neurol. 1992;32:S105-S110.

Calne DB. "Neurotoxins and degeneration in the central nervous system", Neurotoxicol. 1991;12:335-340.

Youdim MBH, et al. "Iron and brain function and dysfunction with emphasis on Parkinson's disease." Eur Neurol. 1991;31(Suppl.1):34-40.

Hirsch EC, et al. "Iron and aluminum increase in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease: an x-ray microanalysis." J Neurochem. 1991;56(2):446-451.

Sofic E, et al. "Selective increase of iron in substantia nigra zona compacta of Parkinsonian brains." J Neurochem. 1991;56:978-982.

Jellinger K, et al. "Brain iron and ferritin in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases." J Neurotransmission. 1990;2:327-340.

Zayed J, et al. "Environmental factors in the etiology of Parkinson's disease." Can J Neurol Sci. August,1990;17(3):286-291.

Ngim C-H, Devathasan G. "Epidemiologic study on the association between body burden mercury level and idiopathic Parkinson's disease." Neuroepidemiol. 1989;8:128-141.

Uitti RJ, et al. "Regional metal concentrations in Parkinson's disease, other chronic neurological diseases, and control brains." Can J Neurol Sci. August,1989;16(3):310-314.

Halliwell B. "Oxidants and the central nervous system: some fundamental questions." ACTA Neurol Scand. 1989;126:23-33.

Riederer P, et al. "Transition metals, ferritin, glutathione, and ascorbic acid in Parkinsonian brains." J Neurochem. 1989;52(2):515-520.

Dexter DT, et al. "Increased nigral iron content and alterations in other metal ions occurring in brain in Parkinson's disease." J Neurochem. 1989;52(6):1830-1836.

Youdim MBH, et al. "Is Parkinson's a progressive siderosis of substantia nigra resulting in iron and melanin induced neurodegeneration?" ACTA Neurol Scand. 1989;126:47-54.

Pall HS, et al. "Raised cerebrospinal-fluid copper concentration in Parkinson's disease." Lancet. August1,1987:238-241.

Exercise

Schmitz-Hubsch T, et al. "Qigong exercise for the symptoms of Parkinson's disease: A randomized, controlled pilot study." Mov Disord. 2006,21(4):543-8.

Eldar R, Marincek C. "Physical activity for elderly persons with neurological impairment: a review." Scand J Rehab Med. 2000;32:99-103.

Sasco AJ, et al. "The role of physical exercise in the occurrence of Parkinson's disease." Arch Neurol. April,1992;49:360-365.

Palmer SS, et al. "Exercise therapy for Parkinson's disease." Arch Phys Med Rehabil. October,1986;67(10):741-5.

Weak Electromagnetic Fields

Rauven S. "The effect of weak electromagnetic fields on the amplitude of the pattern reversal VEP response in Parkinson's disease." Intl J Neurosci. 1996;84:165-175.

Rauven S. "Freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease is improved by treatment with weak electromagnetic fields." Intl J Neurosci. 1996;85:111-124.

Rauven S. "Reversal of visuospatial deficit on the clock drawing test in Parkinson's disease by treatment with weak electromagnetic fields. Intl J Neurosci. 1995;82:255-266.

Rauven S. "Improvement of body image perception in Parkinson's disease by treatment with weak electromagnetic fields." Intl J Neurosci. 1995;82:269-283.

Sandyk R. "Weak magnetic fields in the treatment of Parkinson's disease with the "On-Off" Phenomenon." Intl J Neurosci. 1992;66:97-106.

Sandyk R. "Weak magnetic fields as a novel therapeutic modality in Parkinson's disease." Intl J Neurosci. 1992;66:1-15.

Rauven S. "Magnetic fields in the treatment of Parkinson's disease." Intl J Neurosci. 1992;63:141-150.

Estrogen Replacement Therapy

Saunders-Pullman R, et al. "The effect of estrogen replacement on early Parkinson's disease." Neurol. April22,1999;52(7):1417-21.

Evans DL, et al. "Depression in the medical setting: biopsychological interactions and treatment considerations." J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60 Suppl 4:40-55; discussion 56. Review.

Marder K, et al. "Postmenopausal estrogen use and Parkinson's disease with and without dementia." Neurol. April,1998;50(4):1141-3.

Baker B. "Longer estrogen exposure, later Parkinson's onset." Fam Prac News. June1,1996.

Continuous Bath

Thrash A, Thrash C. Home Remedies. Thrash Publications. 1981;120-1.

Copyright 1998 - 2008 by L. Vicky Crouse, ND and James S. Reiley, ND. All rights reserved (ISSN 1527-0661).