Food Sensitivities

Autism Res Rev Int. "Lead, celiac disease linked to schizophrenia." BMJ. February 21. 2004;328:438-439.

De Santis A, et al. "Schizophrenic symptoms and SPECT abnormalities in a coeliac patient: regression after a gluten-free diet." J Intern Med. 1997;242:421-423.

Reichelt WH, Reichelt KL. "The possible role of peptides derived from food proteins in diseases of the nervous system." Epilepsy and Other Neurological Disorders in Coeliac Disease. Edited by Gobbi G, et al. 1997;31:227-237.

Hilton CW, Mizuma H. "Bioactive peptides in foods." Ann Med. 1993;25:427-428.

Perisic VN. "Celiac disease and schizophrenia: family occurrence." J Ped Gastroenterol Nutr. 1990;11:279.

Washburn CF, Reicher RG. "An hypothesis for a mechanism for the pathogenesis of psychomimetic symptoms in gluten/gliadin sensitive individuals." J Orthomo Med. 1990;5(3):175-78.

Hoffer A. "Treatment of schizophrenia; a broad spectrum approach." PP&F J. l988;12(14).

Dohan FC. "Genetic hypothesis of idiopathic schizophrenia: its exorphin connection." Schiz Bull. 1988;14(4):489-494.

Vlissides DN, et al. "A double-blind gluten-free/gluten-load controlled trial in a secure ward population." Br J Psychiatry. 1986;148:447-52.

Dohan FC, et al. "Is schizophrenia rare if grain is rare?" Biol Psychiatry. March,1984;19(3):385-399.

Dohan FC, et al. "Where is schizophrenia rare?" Lancet. July9,1983:101.

Storms LH, et al. "Effects of gluten on schizophrenics." Arch Gen Psychiatry. March,1982;39:323-327.

Mycroft FJ, et al. "MIF-like sequences in milk and wheat proteins." N Engl J Med. September30,1982;307(14):895.

Zioudrou C, et al. "Opioid peptides derived from food proteins: The exorphins." J Biol Chem. April10,1979;254(7):2446-2449.

Rice JR, et al. "Another look at gluten in schizophrenia." Am J Psychiatry. November,1978;135(11):1417-1418.

Singh MM, Kay SR. "Gluten and Schizophrenia." Lancet.1976;2:689.

Singh MM, Kay SR. "Wheat gluten as a pathogenic factor in schizophrenia." Science. 1976;191:401.

Dohan FC, Grasberger JC. "Relapsed schizophrenics: earlier discharge from the hospital after cereal-free, milk-free diet." Am J Psychiatry. June,1973;130(6):685-688.

Caffeine

Carrillo JA, et al. "Effects of caffeine withdrawal from the diet on the metabolism of Clozapine in schizophrenic patients." J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998;18(4):311-316.

Rihs M, et al. "Caffeine consumption in hospitalized psychiatric patients." Eur Arch Psychiatry Cli Neurosci. 1996;246:83-92.

Zaslove MO, et al. "Effect of caffeine intake on psychotic in-patients." Br J Psychiatry. 1991;159:565-567.

Lucas PB, et al. "Effects of the acute administration of caffeine in patients with schizophrenia." Biol Psychiatry. July 1. 1990;28(1):35-40.

Hyde AP. "Response to 'effects of caffeine on behavior of schizophrenic inpatients'." Schizophr Bull. 1990;16(3):371-372.

Mikkelsen EJ. "Caffeine and schizophrenia." J Clin Psychiat. 1978;Sept.39(9).

McManamy MC and Schube PG. "Caffeine intoxication." N Engl J Med. 1936;215:616-20.

Vitamin B1

Carney MWP. "Vitamin deficiency and mental symptoms." Br J Psychiatry. 1990;156:878-882.

Carney MWP. et al. "Thiamine, riboflavin and pyridoxine deficiency in psychiatric in-patients." Br J Psychiatr. 1982;141:271-272.

Carney MWP, et al. "Thiamine and pyridoxine lack in newly-admitted psychiatric patients." Br J Psychiatr. 1979;135:249-254.

Vitamin B2

Bell IR, et al. "Low thyroxine levels in female psychiatric patients with riboflavin (vitamin B2) deficiency: implications for folate dependent methylation." ACTA Psychiatrica Scand. 1992;85:360-363.

Vitamin B6

Autism Res Rev Int, et al. "B6 beneficial for TD." Harefuah. September,2003;142(8-9):592-596.

Lerner V, et al. "Vitamin B6 as add-on treatment in chronic schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study." J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63:54-58.

Petrie WM, et al. "The use of nicotinic acid and pyridoxine in the treatment of schizophrenia." Int Pharmacopsychiat. 1981;16:245-250.

Bucci L. "Pyridoxine and schizophrenia." Br J Psychiatry. 1973;122:240.

Folate

Muntjewerff JW, et al. "Homocysteine metabolism and B-vitamins in schizophrenic patients: low plasma folate as a possible independent risk factor for schizophrenia." Psychiatry Res. 2003;121:1-9.

Abalan F. "Primer in folic acid: folates and neuropsychiatry." Nutr. 1999;15(7/8):595-598.

Enzi G. "Folate status and cognitive impairment." Ageing Clin Exp Res. 1994;6:69-72.

Crellin R, et al. "Folate and psychiatric disorders: clinical potential." Drugs. 1993;45(5):623-636.

Ramchand CN, et al. "RBC and serum folate concentrations in neuroleptic-treated and neuroleptic-free schizophrenic patients." J Nutr Med. 1992;3:303-309.

Rosenberg IH, Miller JW. "Nutritional factors and physical and cognitive functions of elderly people." Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;55:1237-43S.

Carney MWP. "Vitamins and mental health." Br J Hosp Med. October21-November3,1992;48(8).

Carney MWP, et al. "Red cell folate concentrations in psychiatric patients." J Affective Disorders. 1990;9:207-213.

Godfrey PSA, et al. "Enhancement of recovery from psychiatric illness by methylfolate." Lancet. August18,1990;336:392-395.

Reynolds EH, et al. "Methylation and mood." Lancet. July28,1984:196-198.

"Folate-responsive homocystinuria and schizophrenia." Nutr Rev. August,l982;40(8):242-245.

Howard JS III. "Folate deficiency in psychiatric practice." Psychosomatics. July/August/September,1975;16(3):112-115.

Freeman JM, et al. "Folate-responsive homocystinuria and 'schizophrenia': a defect in methylation due to deficient 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity." N Engl J Med. March 6. 1975;292(10):491-496.

Antioxidants

Yao JK, et al. "Reduced status of plasma total antioxidant capacity in schizophrenia." Schizophr Res. 1998;32:1-8.

Yao JK, et al. "Reduced level of plasma antioxidant uric acid in schizophrenia." Psychiatry Res. 1998;80:29-39.

Yao JK, et al. "Effects of Haloperidol on antioxidant defense system enzymes in schizophrenia." J Psychiatr Res. 1998;32:385-391.

Mahadik SP, Scheffer RE. "Oxidative injury and potential use of antioxidants in schizophrenia." Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids. 1996;55(1&2):45-54.

Reddy RD, Yao JK. "Free radical pathology in schizophrenia: a review." Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids. 1996;55(1&2):33-43.

Lohr JB, Browning JA. "Free radical involvement in neuropsychiatric illnesses." Psychopharmacol Bull. 1995;31(1):159-165.

Cadet JL, Kahler LA. "Free radical mechanisms in schizophrenia and tardive dyskinesia." Neurosci Behav Rev. 1994;18(4):457-467.

Jesberger JA, Richardson JS. "Oxygen free radicals and brain dysfunction." Intl J Neurosci. 1991;57:1-17.

Lohr JB. "Oxygen radicals and neuropsychiatric illness: some speculations." Arch Gen Psychiatry. December,1991;48:1097-1106.

Vitamin C

Smythies JR. "Recent advances in oxidative stress and antioxidants in medicine." J Orthomolec Med. 1998;13(1):11-18.

Smythies JR. "The role of ascorbate in brain: therapeutic implications." J Royal Soc Med. May,1996;89(5):241.

Suboticanec K, et al. "Vitamin c status in chronic schizophrenia." Biol Psychiatry. December1,1990;28(11):959-966.

Kanofsky JD, et al. "Ascorbate: an adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia." J Am Col Nutr. 1989;8(5):425,Abstract7.

Zinc

Tokdemir M, et al. "Blood zinc and copper concentrations in criminal and noncriminal schizophrenic men." Arch Androl. 2003;49:365-368.

Andrews RCR. "An update of zinc deficiency theory of schizophrenia. Identification of sex determining system as the site of action of reproductive zinc deficiency." Med Hypoth. 1992;38:284-291.

Andrews RCR. "Diabetes and schizophrenia: genes or zinc deficiency?" Lancet. November7,1992;340:1160.

Sandyk R. "Zinc deficiency and cerebellar disease." Intl J Neurosci. 1991;60:21-26.

Bowie J, et al. "Plasma zinc and akathisia." Trace Elem Med. 1990;7(4):166-168.

Corigan FM, et al. "Multi-element analysis of frontal cortex, temporal cortex and basal ganglia in schizophrenia." Trace Elem Med. 1990;7(1):1-6.

Selenium

Brown JS, Foster HD. "Schizophrenia: an update of the selenium deficiency hypothesis." J Orthomolec Med. 1996;11(4):211-222.

Brown JS Jr. "Role of selenium and other trace elements in the geography of schizophrenia." Schizophr Bull. 1994;20(2):387-398.

Corigan FM, et al. "Reduction of zinc and selenium in brain Alzheimer's disease." Trace Elem Med. 1991;8(1):1-5.

Alertsen AR, et al. "Selenium concentrations in blood and serum from patients with mental diseases." Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1986;74:217-219.

Magnesium

Levine J, et al. "Serum and cerebrospinal levels of calcium and magnesium in acute versus remitted schizophrenic patients." Neuropsychobiol. 1996;33:169-172.

Kanofsky JD. "Magnesium deficiency in chronic schizophrenia." Intl J Neurosci. 1991;61:87-90.

Kanofsky JD, et al. "Is iatrogenic hypomagnesemia common in schizophrenia?" J Am Col Nutr. October,1991;10(5):537/14.

Kirov GK, Tsachev KN. "Magnesium, schizophrenia and manic-depressive disease." Neuropsychobiol. 1990;23:79-81.

Essential Fatty Acids

Peet M, et al. "Omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of psychiatric disorders." Drugs. 2005;65(8): 1051-1059.

Haag M. "Essential fatty acids and the brain." Can J Psychiatry. April,2003;48(3):195-203.

Peet M, et al. "Two double-blind placebo-controlled pilot studies of eicosapentaenoic acid in the treatment of schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Res. 2001;49:243-251.

Peet M, et al. "Depletion of omega-3 fatty acid levels in red blood cell membranes of depressive patients." Biol Psychiatry. 1998;43:315-319.

Horrobin DF. "Fatty acids, phospholipids, and schizophrenia." Handbook of Essential Fatty Acid Biology: Biochemistry, Physiology, and Behavioral Neurobiology. 1997;Chapter 11:245-256.

Laugharne JDE, et al, "Fatty acids and schizophrenia." Lipids. 1996(Suppl.);31-S-163-S-165.

Peet M, et al. "Essential fatty acid deficiency in erythrocyte membranes from chronic schizophrenic patients, and the clinical effects of dietary supplementation." Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids. 1996;55(1&2):71-75.

Glen AIM, et al. "Membrane fatty acids, niacin flushing and clinical parameters." Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids. 1996;55(1&2):9-15.

Horrobin DF, et al. "Possible relevance of phospholipid abnormalities and genetic interactions in psychiatric disorders: the relationship between dyslexia and schizophrenia." Med Hypotheses. 1995;45:605-613.

Glen AI, et al. "A red cell membrane abnormality in a subgroup of schizophrenic patients: evidence for two diseases." Schizophr Res. April,1994;12(1):53-61.

Mellor JE, et al. "Eicosapentaenoic acid and schizophrenia." Neuropsychopharmacol. May,1994;10(3S/Part 2):256S/P-174-173.

Vaddadi KS. "Use of gamma-linolenic acid in the treatment of schizophrenia and tardive dyskinesia." Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids. 1992;46:67-70.

Horrobin DF. "The relationship between schizophrenia and essential fatty acid and eicosanoid metabolism." Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1992;46:71-77.

Vaddadi KS, et al. "A double-blind trial of essential fatty acid supplementation in patients with tardive dyskinesia." Psychiatry Res. l989;27:3l3-323.

Glutathione

Schulz JB, et al. "Glutathione, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration." Eur J Biochem. 2000;267:4904-4911.

Buckman TD, et al. "Glutathione peroxidase and CT scan abnormalities in schizophrenia." Biol Psychiatry. November,1987;22(11):1349-1356.

Glycine

Heresco-Levy U, et al. "Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of glycine adjuvant therapy for treatment-resistant schizophrenia." Br J Psychiatry. November,1996;169(5):610-617.

Javitt DC, et al. "Amelioration of negative symptoms in schizophrenia by glycine." Am J Psychiatry. August,1994;151(8):1234-1236.

Ginseng

Wilkie A, Cordess C. "Ginseng - a root just like a carrot?" J Royal Soc Med. October,1994;87:594-595.

Vaccinium myrtillus

Robert AM, et al. "Action of the anthocyanosides of Vaccinium myrtillus on the permeability of the blood brain barrier." J Med. 1997;8:321-21.

Jonadet M, et al. "Anthocyanosides extracted from Vitis vinifera, Vaccinium myrtillus and Pinus maritimus. I. Elastase-inhibiting activities in vitra. II. Compared angioprotective activities in vivo." J Pharm Belg. 1983;38:41-6.

Detre A, et al. "Studies on vascular permeability in hypertension: action of anthocyanosides." Clin Physiol Biochem. 1986;4:143-9

Monboisse JC, et al. "Non-enzymatic degradation of acid-soluble calf skin collagen by superoxide ion: Protective effect of flavonoids." Biochem Pharmacol. 1983;32:53-8.

Monboisse JC, et al. "Oxygen-free radicals as mediators of collagen breakage." Agents Actions. 1984;15:49-50.

Murray M. "Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)." Am J Nat Med. 1997;Jan/Feb, Vol. 4, No. 1:18-22.

Murphy R.Homeopathic Medical Repertory.Hahnemann Academy of North America; Pagosa Springs, CO; 1993.

Phatak SR. A Concise Repertory of Homoeopathic Medicines. B. Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd.; New Delhi, India; 1992.

Kruzel T. The Homeopathic Emergency Guide.North Atlantic Books; Berkeley, CA; 1992.

Kent JT. Repertory of the Homeopathic Materia Medica.B. Jain Publishers (P) LTD; New Delhi, India; 1991.

Boericke W. Materia Medica with Repertory, 9th Ed..Boericke & Tafel, Inc.; Santa Rosa, CA; 1927.

Candidiasis

Truss. "The Missing Diagnosis." Birmingham. Ala. 1982;p.86.

Autoantibodies

Noy S, et al. "Schizophrenia and autoimmunity - a possible etiological mechanism?" Neuropsychobiol. 1994;30:157-159.

Wright P, Murray RM. "Schizophrenia: prenatal influenza and autoimmunity." Ann Med. 1993;25:497-502.

Sugiura M, et al, "Detection of anti-cerebral autoantibodies in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease." J Clin Lab Immunol. l989;28:l-3.

Fasting

Boehme DL. "Preplanned fasting in the treatment of mental disease: Survey of the current Soviet literature." Schizophr Bull. 1977;3:2:288-96.

Copyright 1998 - 2008 by L. Vicky Crouse, ND and James S. Reiley, ND. All rights reserved (ISSN 1527-0661).